Editorial: The research impact in management through the UN’s sustainable development goals

“Who are we, if not measured by our impact on others?”

Carl Sagan (American scientist 1934–1996)

As the reader has noticed, in our last three editorials, we have emphasised the discussion on research impact in a broader sense. In brief, we discussed the main concepts on research impact in the first one (Sandes-Guimarães & Hourneaux, 2020). The second editorial aimed at presenting the most important models and frameworks for assessing research impact (Hourneaux & Sandes-Guimarães, 2020). Finally, this series’ third and last piece dealt with problems and criticism on research impact (Sandes-Guimarães & Hourneaux, 2021).

Thus, the discussion on defining, identifying and measuring Research impact in management has intensely increased lately. We see that significant room has been given to this debate in the most relevant journals through different perspectives, for instance, focusing on the scholarly impact (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Podsakoff, & Bachrach, 2008; Aguinis, Suárez-González, Lannelongue, & Joo, 2012) and the impact on the management practices (Haley, Page, Pitsis, Rivas, & Yu, 2017; Simsek, Bansal, Shaw, Heugens, & Smith, 2018), to mention some distinguished publications in the recent years.

Despite their obvious importance, both scholarly and practical impacts are only two of the possible types of research impact, as we have presented before (Sandes-Guimarães & Hourneaux, 2020). The point here is to emphasise the need for broadening the scope of the research impact. As a complement to the previous editorials, in this issue, we aim at discussing a framework that can work as a reference to some intended impacts of research in management. We refer to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We reinforce the argument of George, Howard-Grenville, Joshi and Tihanyi (2016) that a considerable effort in research should be addressed to tackling the “grand challenges” (GC). The authors define GC as “specific critical barrier(s) that, if removed, would help solve an important societal problem with a high likelihood of global impact through widespread implementation” (George et al., 2016). The authors also emphasise that the SDGs should be faced as one of the most relevant GCs the world has met and, therefore, be vigorously targeted by researchers’ energies.

In the sequence, we briefly present the SDGs, and later, some reflection on the SDGs role as a driver for research impact in management.

The Sustainable Development Goals –overview

In 2015, after a vast effort and a long time, the UN launched the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, signed by almost 200 countries. The 2030 Agenda comprises the so-called SDGs, a framework that replaced the previous Millennium Development Goals, in a more extensive and deeper perspective (Sachs, 2012), and “it also integrates social, economic and environmental dimensions and provides guidance for humanity to prosper in the long term” (Griggs, Stafford-Smith, Gaffney, et al., 2013, p. 307).

The 2030 Agenda and the SDGs are based on a collaborative effort by people, businesses, governments and civil society to achieve these goals (UN – United Nations, 2017). This agenda has at its basis the SDGs, which has been seen as a driver for promoting sustainable development (SD) among different stakeholders both locally and globally (Sachs, 2012; Griggs et al., 2013). The SDGs were built on the former Millennium Development Goals and are grounded on five principles: people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership (UN – United Nations, 2015). Table 1 presents the 17 goals.

Table 1.
UN’s 17 SDGs

Goal	Definition
Goal 1	End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 2	End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
Goal 3	Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all ages
Goal 4	Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Goal 5	Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
Goal 6	Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Goal 7	Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Goal 8	Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
Goal 9	Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation and foster innovation
Goal 10	Reduce inequality within and among countries
Goal 11	Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Goal 12	Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 13	Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
Goal 14	Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
Goal 15	Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Goal 16	Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
Goal 17	Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development

Source:

In short, SDGs are considered “a major achievement in the development of shared goals for all of humanity” (Costanza et al., 2016). On the other hand, they are also one of the biggest challenges the world has faced (George et al., 2016). This paradoxical situation can be seen as an optimal opportunity for increasing one’s research impact, especially in management, as we discuss next.

The sustainable development goals as a reference for research impact in management

It has been five years since George et al. (2016) published their article. According to Macht, Chapman and Fitzgerald (2020), the number of publications about the SDGs in management journals has been multiplying since their launch the year before, which we can consider positive from this editorial’s perspective. The authors also claim that management research on topics such as the SDGs would bring scholars back to “reality”, i.e. putting the traditional focus on scholarly impact aside and making an actual contribution to addressing global problems. Recently, Chapman, Cully, Kosiol, Macht, Chapman, Fitzgerald and Gertsen (2020, p. 1030) also emphasised the use of SDGs to measure what they called “real-world Research Impact”.

Therefore, we stress the main idea here: the SDGs can be used as a reference or even a proxy for addressing research impact in management. Moreover, conversely, management research can contribute to the SDGs, as well. Firstly, on how to deal with them from a management perspective. Besides their importance, the SDGs are quite extensive and complex, comprising not only the already mentioned 17 goals but also 169 targets and more than 300 indicators (UN – United Nations, 2015). To deal with this complexity, several authors emphasise the need for dealing with the SDG in an integrated perspective (Griggs et al., 2013; Nilsson, Griggs & Visbeck, 2016; Biggeri, Clark, Ferrannini, & Mauro, 2019). Management research can help in understanding how to manage these complexity and multidimensionality phenomena.

Secondly, previously SDGs assessments were more directly related to their original purpose, or how to evaluate to what extent countries have been performing concerning their assumed SD targets (Sachs, 2013; Fukuda-Parr, 2016; Schmidt-Traub, Kroll, Teksoz, Durand-Delacre, & Sachs, 2017). Nevertheless, the SDGs have also been used as a parameter for the introduction or evaluation of SD in different areas or levels of analysis. Firstly, regarding companies, the SDGs have been considered not only for implementing sustainable strategies in organisations (Ike, Donovan, Topple, & Masli, 2019; Claro & Esteves, 2021; Neufeld, 2021) but also for assessing their sustainable performance (SDG Compass, 2016). Secondly, regarding universities, they are present in the discussions on education at all levels and had been turned into the criteria for evaluating higher education institutions, as proposed by the Times Higher Education (THE) ranking (THE University -IRs, 2019, 2020). Given the nature of all these themes, management research can address how these assessments occur and analyse the degree of efficacy in the SDGs’ implementation by those diverse institutions.

Thirdly, there has been an increasing movement on considering the SDGs as a critical criterion for funding research. For instance, in the last Global Forum of Funders, held in April 2021, whose one of its three strategic objectives was “To present a framework for global action on mission-oriented research that will help accelerate SDG implementation in the next decade” (The Global Forum of Funders, 2021). This is a clear message about the importance of the SDGs as a basis for defining the relevance of research projects to come, and possibly an exclusion criterion in the case of its absence. Research in management can also be affected by this trend.

Fourthly, despite its worldwide importance, the SDGs have also been the object of academic discussions, not always foreseeing a silver lining. The debate on the SDGs is not new, regarding how they were defined (Sexsmith & McMichael, 2015; Weber, 2017), their efficacy or viability (Diaz-Sarachaga, Jato-Espino, & Castro-Fresno, 2018), the potential problems related to the role of companies in the SDG’s implementation (Scheyvens, Banks, & Hughes, 2016), among other issues. Recently, two Nature’s editorials, the first called “Time to revise the Sustainable Development Goals” (2020), followed by another called “Recalibrating the SDGs” (2021), highlight the need for fresh approaches for dealing with the SDGs (Sachs, Schmidt-Traub, Mazzucato, Messner, Nakicenovic, & Rockström, 2019). Management research can also strongly contribute to this debate.

As a final message, we emphasise the urgency of this theme. Considering the SDG’s 15-year range, we have entered in its last two-thirds, i.e. to attain what the SDGs preconise; it is clear that the “clock is ticking”. Or, in the words of Fontana and Oldekop (2020), we have a “bumpy road ahead”. To underline this critical situation, the UN has recently launched a new SDG-related initiative, the Decade of Action (UN – United Nations, 2020). The purposes are to lay emphasis on that we would have 10 years to transform the world and to accelerate the solutions for the achievement of SDGs (Sachs, Schmidt-Traub , Mazzucato, Messner, Nakicenovic, & Rockström, 2019), especially considering the event of the COVID-19 pandemic and its adverse effects on the SDGs’ development (Sachs, Schmidt-Traub, Kroll, Lafortune, Fuller, & Woelm, 2020). This scenario only reinforces the “central role of companies in achieving our global goals” (Sachs & Sachs, 2021, p. 22) and, consequently, the management research impact in addressing grand challenges such as the SDGs.

References

• Aguinis, H., Suárez-González, I., Lannelongue, G., & Joo, H. (2012). Scholarly impact revisited. Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(2), 105–132. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2011.0088
  » https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2011.0088
• Biggeri, M., Clark, D. A., Ferrannini, A., & Mauro, V. (2019). Tracking the SDGs in an 'integrated' manner: a proposal for a new index to capture synergies and trade-offs between and within goals. World Development, 122, 628–647. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.022
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.022
• Chapman, G., Cully, A., Kosiol, J., Macht, S., Chapman, R., Fitzgerald, J., & Gertsen, F. (2020). The wicked problem of measuring real-world research impact: Using sustainable development goals (SDGs) and targets in academia. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(6), 1030–1047. doi: 10.1017/jmo.2020.16.
  » https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2020.16
• Claro, P. B., & Esteves, N. R. (2021). Sustainability-oriented strategy and sustainable development goals. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 39(4). Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-08-2020-0365
  » https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-08-2020-0365
• Costanza, R., Daly, L., Fioramonti, L., Giovannini, E., Kubiszewski, I., Mortensen, L. F., & Wilkinson, R. (2016). Modelling and measuring sustainable well-being in connection with the UN sustainable development goals. Ecological Economics, 130, 350–355. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.07.009
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.07.009
• Diaz-Sarachaga, J. M., Jato-Espino, D., & Castro-Fresno, D. (2018). Is the sustainable development goals (SDG) index an adequate framework to measure the progress of the 2030 agenda? Sustainable Development, 26(6), 663–671. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1735 doi: 10.1002/sd.1735.
  » https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1735» https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1735
• Editorial. (2021b). Recalibrating the SDGs. Nature, 589, 329–330. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00104-0
  » https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00104-0
• Editorial. (2021a). Time to revise the sustainable development goals. Nature, 583, 331–332.https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02002-3
  » https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02002-3
• Fontana, L. B., & Oldekop, J. A. (2020). The sustainable development goals: the bumpy road ahead. World Development, 127, 104770. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104770
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104770
• Fukuda-Parr, S. (2016). From the millennium development goals to the sustainable development goals: shifts in purpose, concept, and politics of global goal setting for development. Gender & Development, 24(1), 43–52. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2016.1145895
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2016.1145895
• George, G., Howard-Grenville, J., Joshi, A., & Tihanyi, L. (2016). Understanding and tackling grand challenges through management research. Academy of Management Journal, 59(6), 59. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.4007 doi: 10.5465/amj.2016.4007.
  » https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.4007» https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.4007
• Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockström, J., Öhman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., & Noble, I. (2013). Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, 495(7441), 305–307. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/495305a doi: 10.1038/495305a.
  » https://doi.org/10.1038/495305a» https://doi.org/10.1038/495305a
• Haley, C. V. U. Page, C. M. Pitsis, S. T. Rivas, L. J., & Yu, F. K. (2017). Measuring and achieving scholarly impact: a report from the academy of management's practice theme committee. Retrieved from http://aom.org/uploadedFiles/About_AOM/StrategicPlan/AOMScholarlyImpactReport.pdf
  » http://aom.org/uploadedFiles/About_AOM/StrategicPlan/AOMScholarlyImpactReport.pdf
• Hourneaux, F., Junior, & Sandes-Guimarães, L. (2020). Research impact – how to evaluate it? Editorial impact series part 2. RAUSP Management Journal, 55(4), 427–433. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-10-2020-227
  » https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-10-2020-227
• Ike, M., Donovan, J. D., Topple, C., & Masli, E. K. (2019). The process of selecting and prioritising corporate sustainability issues: insights for achieving the sustainable development goals. Journal of Cleaner Production, 236, p. 117661. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117661.
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117661
• Macht, S. A., Chapman, R. L., & Fitzgerald, J. A. (2020). Management research and the united nations sustainable development goals. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(6), 917–928.https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2020.36 doi: 10.1017/jmo.2020.36.
  » https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2020.36» https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2020.36
• Neufeld, D. (2021). UN sustainable development goals: How companies stack Up. 18 Mar 2021, Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/how-aligned-are-un-companies-with-their-sustainable-development-goals/
  » https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/how-aligned-are-un-companies-with-their-sustainable-development-goals/
• Nilsson, M., Griggs, D., & Visbeck, M. (2016). Map the interactions between sustainable development goals. Nature, 534(7607), 320–322. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/534320a doi: 10.1038/534320a.
  » https://doi.org/10.1038/534320a» https://doi.org/10.1038/534320a
• Pizzi, S., Caputo, A., Corvino, A., & Venturelli, A. (2020). Management research and the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs): a bibliometric investigation and systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 276(10), 124033 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124033.
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124033
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, N. P., & Bachrach, D. G. (2008). Scholarly influence in the field of management: a bibliometric analysis of the determinants of university and author impact in the management literature in the past quarter century. Journal of Management, 34(4), 641–720. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206308319533 doi: 10.1177/0149206308319533.
  » https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308319533» https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0149206308319533
• Sachs, J. D. (2012). From millennium development goals to sustainable development goals. The Lancet, 379(9832), 2206–2211. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60685-0 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60685-0.
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60685-0» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60685-0
• Sachs, J. D. (2013). High stakes at the un on the sustainable development goals. The Lancet, 382(9897), 1001–1002.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61956-X doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61956-X.
  » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61956-X» https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61956-X
• Sachs, J. D., & Sachs, L. E. (2021). Business alignment for the “decade of action. Journal of International Business Policy, 4(1), 22–27.https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-020-00090-6 doi: 10.1057/s42214-020-00090-6.
  » https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-020-00090-6» https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-020-00090-6
• Sachs, J. Schmidt-Traub, G. Kroll, C. Lafortune, G. Fuller, G., & Woelm, F. (2020). The sustainable development goals and COVID-19. Sustainable Development Report 2020. Cambridge University Press.
• Sachs, J. D., Schmidt-Traub, G., Mazzucato, M., Messner, D., Nakicenovic, N., & Rockström, J. (2019). Six transformations to achieve the sustainable development goals. Nature Sustainability, 2(9). Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9
  » https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9
• Sandes-Guimarães, L., & Hourneaux, F., Junior, (2020). Research impact – what is it, after all? Editorial impact series part 1. RAUSP Management Journal, 55(3), 283–288. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-07-2020-202 doi: 10.1108/RAUSP-07-2020-202.
  » https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-07-2020-202» https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-07-2020-202
• Sandes-Guimarães, L., & Hourneaux, F., Junior, (2020). Research impact – what is it, after all? Editorial impact series part 1. RAUSP Management Journal, 55(3), 283–288. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-07-2020-202 doi: 10.1108/RAUSP-07-2020-202.
  » https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-07-2020-202» https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-07-2020-202
• Scheyvens, R., Banks, G., & Hughes, E. (2016). The private sector and the SDGs: the need to move beyond' business as usual. Sustainable Development, 24(6), 371–382.https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1623 doi: 10.1002/sd.1623.
  » https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1623» https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1623
• Schmidt-Traub, G., Kroll, C., Teksoz, K., Durand-Delacre, D., & Sachs, J. D. (2017). National baselines for the sustainable development goals assessed in the SDG index and dashboards. Nature Geoscience, 10(8), 547–555. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2985 doi: 10.1038/ngeo2985.
  » https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2985» https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2985
• SDG Compass. (2016). The guide for business action on the SDGs, Geneva: World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD.
• Sexsmith, K., & McMichael, P. (2015). Formulating the SDGs: Reproducing or reimagining State-Centered development? Globalizations, 12(4), 581–596. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2015.1038096 doi: 10.1080/14747731.2015.1038096.
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2015.1038096» https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2015.1038096
• Simsek, Z., Bansal, P., Shaw, J. D., Heugens, P., & Smith, W. K. (2018). From the editors – seeing practice impact in new ways. Academy of Management Journal, 61(6), 2021–2025. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2018.4006 doi: 10.5465/amj.2018.4006.
  » https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2018.4006» https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2018.4006
• The Global Forum of Funders. (2021). Missions for science to enable a prosperous future for all: Building global funding alliances. Retrieved from stories.council.science/science-missions/3/
  » stories.council.science/science-missions/3/
• THE University -IRs. (2019). User guide. Version 1.5.1, London: THE University -IRs. October, 2019.
• THE University -IRs. (2020). Impact rankings 2020. Retrieved from www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/impact/2020/overall#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/undefined
  » www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/impact/2020/overall#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/undefined
• UN – United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Retrieved from www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1⟪=E
  » www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1⟪=E
• UN – United Nations. (2017). The sustainable development agenda. Retrieved from www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/
  » www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/
• UN – United Nations. (2020). Decade of action. Retrieved from www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/decade-of-action/
  » www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/decade-of-action/
• Weber, H. (2017). Politics of 'leaving no one behind': Contesting the 2030 sustainable development goals agenda. Globalizations, 14(3), 399–414.Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2016.1275404
  » https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2016.1275404

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Aug 2021
• Date of issue
  Apr-Jun 2021