RESUMO
Objetivo:
Identificar critérios de seleção para a rizotomia dorsal seletiva (RDS) na paralisia cerebral (PC), analisar os instrumentos de avaliação e descrever as características da fisioterapia nos protocolos pós-operatórios.
Fontes de dados:
Revisão do tipo integrativa nas bases de dados SciELO, PEDro, Cochrane Library e PubMed. Os termos em português e inglês “paralisia cerebral”, “rizotomia dorsal seletiva” e “fisioterapia” foram utilizados na busca. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos que arrolaram indivíduos com PC, que realizaram fisioterapia nos protocolos de RDS e que descreviam características desses protocolos. Foram excluídos artigos de revisão da literatura e não houve restrição de período de publicação.
Síntese dos dados:
Incluíram-se 18 estudos, sendo a maioria coortes prospectivas, com acompanhamento dos pacientes de oito meses a dez anos. Os instrumentos das avaliações contemplam, na maior parte dos trabalhos, os domínios de funções e estruturas corporais e atividade. O percentual de secção das raízes posteriores foi próximo a 50%. A principal indicação para a RDS incluiu deambuladores com diplegia espástica, que preenchiam os seguintes critérios: espasticidade que interfere com a mobilidade, boa força muscular de membros inferiores e tronco, sem deformidades ortopédicas, distonia, ataxia ou atetose e boa função cognitiva. A fisioterapia é parte integrante dos protocolos de tratamento com RDS, devendo ser intensiva, específica e enfatizada principalmente no primeiro ano.
Conclusões:
Os estudos salientam a importância da seleção adequada dos pacientes para o sucesso dos resultados. A fisioterapia é intensiva e de longa duração, devendo necessariamente ter estratégias para modificar o antigo padrão motor.
Palavras-chave:
Espasticidade muscular; Rizotomia; Fisioterapia; Cuidados pós-operatórios; Paralisia cerebral
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To identify selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) in cerebral palsy, to analyze the instruments used for evaluation, and to describe the characteristics of physical therapy in postoperative protocols.
Data sources:
Integrative review performed in the following databases: SciELO, PEDro, Cochrane Library, and PubMed. The terms in both Portuguese and English for “cerebral palsy”, “selective dorsal rhizotomy”, and “physical therapy” were used in the search. Studies whose samples enrolled individuals with cerebral palsy who had attended physical therapy sessions for selective dorsal rhizotomy according to protocols and describing such protocols’ characteristics were included. Literature reviews were excluded and there was no restriction as to period of publication.
Data synthesis:
Eighteen papers were selected, most of them being prospective cohort studies with eight-month to ten-year follow-ups. In most studies, the instruments of assessment encompassed the domains of functions, body structure, and activity. The percentage of posterior root sections was close to 50%. Primary indications for SDR included ambulatory spastic diplegia, presence of spasticity that interfered with mobility, good strength of lower limbs and trunk muscles, no musculoskeletal deformities, dystonia, ataxia or athetosis, and good cognitive function. Postoperative physical therapy is part of SDR treatment protocols and should be intensive and specific, being given special emphasis in the first year.
Conclusions:
The studies underline the importance of appropriate patient selection to obatin success in the SDR. Postoperative physical therapy should be intensive and long-term, and must necessarily include strategies to modify the patient’s former motor pattern.
Keywords:
Muscle spasticity; Rhizotomy; Physical therapy specialty; Postoperative care; Cerebral palsy
INTRODUÇÃO
A espasticidade é a principal característica clínica de pacientes com paralisia cerebral (PC) espástica e é considerada a causa mais importante de desconforto, anormalidades na marcha e limitações funcionais.11. McLaughlin J, Bjornson K, Temkin N, Steinbok P, Wright V, Reiner A, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: meta-analysis of three randomized controlled trials. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:17-25. Além disso, ela gera encurtamentos musculares que influenciam o crescimento ósseo e levam a deformidades. Seu controle, portanto, tem papel crucial no tratamento da PC.22. Aquilina K, Graham D, Wimalasundera N. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: an old treatment re-emerging. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100:798-802.
A rizotomia dorsal seletiva (RDS) é um procedimento neurocirúrgico utilizado em crianças com PC espástica bilateral com o objetivo de reduzir a espasticidade dos membros inferiores.33. Grunt S, Fieggen AG, Vermeulen RJ, Becher JG, Langerak NG. Selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56:302-12. A cirurgia é mais frequentemente realizada no nível lombossacral e baseia-se na interrupção do estímulo aferente do reflexo do estiramento monossináptico.33. Grunt S, Fieggen AG, Vermeulen RJ, Becher JG, Langerak NG. Selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56:302-12. A fim de preservar a função sensorial e de esfíncteres, a raiz dorsal é dividida em radículas separadas e apenas uma porção destas é seccionada.33. Grunt S, Fieggen AG, Vermeulen RJ, Becher JG, Langerak NG. Selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56:302-12.
A RDS foi descrita inicialmente por Foerster em 1908, a partir da observação de que a secção de radículas dorsais (sensoriais) poderia diminuir a espasticidade; também foi observada fraqueza muscular significativa com perdas sensoriais e proprioceptivas após o procedimento.22. Aquilina K, Graham D, Wimalasundera N. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: an old treatment re-emerging. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100:798-802. Dessa forma, Fasano, em 1978, introduziu a estimulação eletrofisiológica intraoperatória e a secção de uma porção de radículas dorsais, ambas utilizadas atualmente.22. Aquilina K, Graham D, Wimalasundera N. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: an old treatment re-emerging. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100:798-802. A técnica foi adotada e popularizada por Peacock e Arens em 1980.22. Aquilina K, Graham D, Wimalasundera N. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: an old treatment re-emerging. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100:798-802.
Os resultados da RDS mostram redução da espasticidade, ganhos na força muscular, na velocidade e cinemática da marcha, além de melhora na função motora grossa.44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.Quando se comparam os resultados de pacientes submetidos à RDS e fisioterapia com aqueles que receberam apenas fisioterapia, existe redução significativa da espasticidade e melhora funcional no primeiro grupo.77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84. A fisioterapia específica tem papel fundamental no pós-operatório, sendo que, além de suas condutas formais, as primeiras semanas de pós-operatório requerem ainda cuidados em relação ao procedimento ósseo vertebral, laminectomia ou laminotomia.99. Steinbok P. Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:981-90.,1010. Hendricks-Ferguson VL, Ortman MR. Selective dorsal rhizotomy to decrease spasticity in cerebral palsy. AORN J. 1995;61:514-8, 521-2, 525.
Os vários centros nos quais a RDS é realizada empregam protocolos especiais para o período pós-operatório. No Brasil, a técnica está começando a ser difundida e, devido às suas peculiaridades no tratamento pós-operatório, esta revisão dos protocolos descritos na literatura visa auxiliar os profissionais em um maior entendimento sobre o papel da fisioterapia na reabilitação. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar os critérios de seleção para a RDS e descrever as características da fisioterapia nos protocolos pós-operatórios.
FONTES DE DADOS
Esta é uma revisão da literatura do tipo integrativa. Realizou-se a seleção das referências por pesquisa eletrônica, no mês de agosto de 2016, nas bases de dados SciELO, PEDro, Cochrane Library e PubMed. Os termos em português e inglês paralisia cerebral / cerebral palsy, rizotomia dorsal seletiva / dorsal selective rhizotomy e fisioterapia/ physical therapy foram utilizados na busca. Os títulos, resumos e, se necessário, o estudo na íntegra, foram revisados para determinar a sua inclusão ou exclusão, de acordo com o critério: artigos que incluíram indivíduos com PC, que realizaram fisioterapia nos protocolos de RDS e descreviam características desses protocolos. Não foram utilizados filtros nas buscas e não houve restrições de idade e período de publicação dos trabalhos. Foram excluídos os com delineamento de revisão da literatura. Ainda, a lista de referências dos selecionados foi analisada a fim de buscar outros manuscritos relevantes.
Após a seleção, realizou-se a sua leitura crítica, na qual as principais informações foram localizadas e apresentadas nas categorias:
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Caracterização dos estudos incluídos.
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Características das amostras dos estudos.
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Critérios de seleção para a RDS.
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Características dos protocolos de fisioterapia.
SÍNTESE DE DADOS
De acordo com os critérios preestabelecidos, foram selecionados 18 artigos para esta revisão. A Figura 1 apresenta o fluxograma de busca e seleção dos trabalhos.
Caracterização dos estudos incluídos
A caracterização dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão está demonstrada na Tabela 1. Dos 18 estudos incluídos, cinco (27,8%) eram ensaios clínicos randomizados,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.seis (33,3%) séries de casos (quatro prospectivas1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1515. Engsberg JR, Olree KS, Ross SA, Park TS. Spasticity and strength changes as a function of selective dorsal rhizotomy. Neurosurg focus. 1998;4:e4.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.e duas retrospectivas44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.) e sete (38,9%) estudos de coorte prospectiva.55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7.,1919. Hodgkinson I, Berard C, Jindrich ML, Sindou M, Mertens P, Berard J. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. Results in 18 cases at one year postoperatively. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;69:259-67.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53.,2121. Buckon CE, Thomas SS, Harris GE, Piatt JH Jr, Aiona MD, Sussman MD. Objective measurement of muscle strength in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:454-60.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35.,2323. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Functional performance in self-care and mobility after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:286-93.O tamanho da amostra dos estudos variou de nove a 68 indivíduos, sendo a maioria distribuída em grupos de intervenção de RDS associados à fisioterapia44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7.,1919. Hodgkinson I, Berard C, Jindrich ML, Sindou M, Mertens P, Berard J. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. Results in 18 cases at one year postoperatively. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;69:259-67.,2121. Buckon CE, Thomas SS, Harris GE, Piatt JH Jr, Aiona MD, Sussman MD. Objective measurement of muscle strength in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:454-60.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35.,2323. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Functional performance in self-care and mobility after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:286-93. ou apenas de fisioterapia.44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32. O período de acompanhamento dos pacientes variou de 8 meses1515. Engsberg JR, Olree KS, Ross SA, Park TS. Spasticity and strength changes as a function of selective dorsal rhizotomy. Neurosurg focus. 1998;4:e4. a 10 anos.2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35.,2323. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Functional performance in self-care and mobility after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:286-93. O fisioterapeuta, na maior parte dos trabalhos, realizou as avaliações pré e pós-operatórias.
Instrumentos de avaliação de acordo com os domínios da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde
A avaliação dos pacientes candidatos à RDS deve ser o mais abrangente possível e conter elementos da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). Um estudo77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32. utilizou a classificação quantitativa da CIF, e as demais, avaliações que contemplam os domínios da CIF conforme descrito a seguir.
A literatura é variável quanto aos itens a serem avaliados, sendo o domínio estrutura e função corporal da CIF considerado em todos os estudos, exceto um.2323. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Functional performance in self-care and mobility after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:286-93. Quanto aos instrumentos utilizados para a avaliação do domínio, estrutura e função corporal, os estudos incluíram: avaliação da espasticidade (por meio da escala de Ashworth,55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. dos sinais clínicos da espasticidade,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1515. Engsberg JR, Olree KS, Ross SA, Park TS. Spasticity and strength changes as a function of selective dorsal rhizotomy. Neurosurg focus. 1998;4:e4. de avaliação quantitativa da espasticidade66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1919. Hodgkinson I, Berard C, Jindrich ML, Sindou M, Mertens P, Berard J. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. Results in 18 cases at one year postoperatively. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;69:259-67. ou do dinamômetro isocinético44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7.), avaliação da amplitude de movimento;55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1515. Engsberg JR, Olree KS, Ross SA, Park TS. Spasticity and strength changes as a function of selective dorsal rhizotomy. Neurosurg focus. 1998;4:e4.,1919. Hodgkinson I, Berard C, Jindrich ML, Sindou M, Mertens P, Berard J. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. Results in 18 cases at one year postoperatively. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;69:259-67.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. de reflexos,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69. da força muscular,44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,1515. Engsberg JR, Olree KS, Ross SA, Park TS. Spasticity and strength changes as a function of selective dorsal rhizotomy. Neurosurg focus. 1998;4:e4.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7.,1919. Hodgkinson I, Berard C, Jindrich ML, Sindou M, Mertens P, Berard J. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. Results in 18 cases at one year postoperatively. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;69:259-67. do ângulo poplíteo,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. das deformidades musculoesqueléticas,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69. com radiografias dos quadris e da coluna vertebral,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32. avaliação da seletividade77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32. e avaliações de contração isométrica com eletromiografia.2121. Buckon CE, Thomas SS, Harris GE, Piatt JH Jr, Aiona MD, Sussman MD. Objective measurement of muscle strength in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:454-60.
Apenas dois estudos1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,2121. Buckon CE, Thomas SS, Harris GE, Piatt JH Jr, Aiona MD, Sussman MD. Objective measurement of muscle strength in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:454-60. não abordaram o domínio atividade nas suas mensurações, sendo que naqueles que mencionaram, os instrumentos utilizados foram: Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM),44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. estado de deambulação,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.Gross Motor Classification System (GMFCS),55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35.,2323. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Functional performance in self-care and mobility after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:286-93. análise tridimensional da marcha,44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7. análise observacional da marcha77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7. (Observacional Gait Score77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32., Edinburgh Visual Gait Score1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.), urodinâmica,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.Peabody Fine Motors Scale,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84. avaliação de autocuidados,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53. distância de caminhada em 60 segundos1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47. e Physiological Cost Index.88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.
Seis estudos55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53.,2323. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Functional performance in self-care and mobility after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:286-93. contemplaram o domínio participação com os seus instrumentos de avaliação, sendo os utilizados: Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI),55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53.,2323. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Functional performance in self-care and mobility after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:286-93.Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COMP)77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32. e avaliação de autocuidados.88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53. A avaliação da RDS deve ser realizada por meio de protocolos abrangentes, com análise pós-operatória dos mesmos instrumentos, permitindo, assim, avaliação mais exata dos resultados, com melhor delineamento de conclusões.
Características da amostra dos estudos
A Tabela 2 apresenta as características da amostra dos estudos incluídos. Todos consideraram em suas amostras indivíduos com PC espástica. O estudo de Chan et al mencionou um participante com paraparesia espástica familiar, além dos 20 indivíduos com PC.77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32. Apesar de o diagnóstico de PC ser um dos critérios de inclusão da presente revisão, a RDS também pode ser realizada em pacientes com espasticidade devido a outros diagnósticos, como esclerose múltipla,2424. Gump WC, Mutchnick IS, Moriarty TM. Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spasticity not associated with cerebral palsy: reconsideration of surgical inclusion criteria. Neurosurg Focus. 2013;35:E6. síndrome de Leigh,2525. Mazarakis NK, Vloeberghs MH. Spasticity secondary to Leigh syndrome managed with selective dorsal rhizotomy: a case report. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32:1745-8. acidente vascular cerebral,2626. Eppinger MA, Berman CM, Mazzola CA. Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic diplegia secondary to stroke in an adult patient. Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6:111. lesão medular2424. Gump WC, Mutchnick IS, Moriarty TM. Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spasticity not associated with cerebral palsy: reconsideration of surgical inclusion criteria. Neurosurg Focus. 2013;35:E6. e mielite transversa.2727. Mazarakis NK, Ughratdar I, Vloeberghs MH. Excellent functional outcome following selective dorsal rhizotomy in a child with spasticity secondary to transverse myelitis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015;31:2189-91.
Apenas um trabalho não incluiu indivíduos com PC do tipo diplegia espástica1919. Hodgkinson I, Berard C, Jindrich ML, Sindou M, Mertens P, Berard J. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. Results in 18 cases at one year postoperatively. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;69:259-67. e quatro estudos consideraram indivíduos com quadriplegia espástica.77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1919. Hodgkinson I, Berard C, Jindrich ML, Sindou M, Mertens P, Berard J. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. Results in 18 cases at one year postoperatively. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;69:259-67.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53. Com relação aos níveis do GMFCS, apenas a metade dos estudos44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35.,2323. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Functional performance in self-care and mobility after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:286-93. se refere a essa classificação e são mencionados indivíduos de todos os níveis. Em geral, a RDS é o procedimento de escolha para tratar a espasticidade de membros inferiores em crianças diplégicas,99. Steinbok P. Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:981-90. uma vez que elas têm mais envolvimento de membros inferiores e a presença de distonia é pequena.99. Steinbok P. Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:981-90. Já nas com quadriplegia espástica, com maior probabilidade de apresentar distonia e envolvimento, tanto de membros superiores quanto de inferiores, o tratamento com infusão contínua de baclofen intratecal é mais indicado,99. Steinbok P. Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:981-90. embora alguns estudos tenham defendido o uso da RDS.77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1919. Hodgkinson I, Berard C, Jindrich ML, Sindou M, Mertens P, Berard J. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. Results in 18 cases at one year postoperatively. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;69:259-67.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53. Outro aspecto considerado para indicar a RDS é o potencial de deambulação,99. Steinbok P. Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:981-90. que inclui os níveis do GMFCS I, II e III. Entretanto, pesquisas têm utilizado RDS nos níveis IV e V com objetivos específicos e sugerem ser essa uma alternativa ao uso da infusão contínua de baclofen intratecal, uma vez que o manejo e acompanhamento da infusão são bastante complexos.2828. Ingale H, Ughratdar I, Muquit S, Moussa AA, Vloeberghs MH. Selective dorsal rhizotomy as an alternative to intrathecal baclofen pump replacement in GMFCS grades 4 and 5 children. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32:321-5.
A maioria dos estudos apresentou um percentual de secção próximo a 50% das raízes posteriores que variaram de L1 ou L2 até S1 ou S2. Uma metanálise demonstrou relação direta entre o percentual de secção e a magnitude do ganho na função, ou seja, a diminuição da espasticidade auxilia na aquisição de habilidades funcionais.11. McLaughlin J, Bjornson K, Temkin N, Steinbok P, Wright V, Reiner A, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: meta-analysis of three randomized controlled trials. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:17-25.
Critérios de seleção para a RDS
Conforme demonstrado na Tabela 3, de maneira geral, os estudos trazem como critérios de seleção pacientes com diplegia espástica44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1515. Engsberg JR, Olree KS, Ross SA, Park TS. Spasticity and strength changes as a function of selective dorsal rhizotomy. Neurosurg focus. 1998;4:e4.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53. e a presença dos cinco “s”:22. Aquilina K, Graham D, Wimalasundera N. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: an old treatment re-emerging. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100:798-802.,33. Grunt S, Fieggen AG, Vermeulen RJ, Becher JG, Langerak NG. Selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56:302-12.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.spastic - espasticidade em membros inferiores que interferem na funcionalidade;44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1515. Engsberg JR, Olree KS, Ross SA, Park TS. Spasticity and strength changes as a function of selective dorsal rhizotomy. Neurosurg focus. 1998;4:e4.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7.,1919. Hodgkinson I, Berard C, Jindrich ML, Sindou M, Mertens P, Berard J. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with cerebral palsy. Results in 18 cases at one year postoperatively. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1997;69:259-67.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35.strong - adequada força e controle muscular nos membros inferiores;77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. straigh - adequado controle de tronco66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. e cabeça66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500. sem deformidade ortopédica fixa;77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. slim - ser magro; e smart - não apresentar déficit cognitivo grande.44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7. Além disso, são citados critérios que incluem o bom suporte familiar,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,2929. Reynolds MR, Ray WZ, Strom RG, Blackburn SL, Lee A, Park TS. Clinical outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy in an adult population. World Neurosurg. 2011;75:138-44. a reabilitação1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7. e a capacidade de colaborar com a reabilitação (de forma cognitiva e emocionalmente).1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7. Mesmo não sendo a população em que a RDS é idealmente indicada, alguns estudos indicam a RDS para pacientes com quadriplegia espástica77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53. com os seguintes critérios:33. Grunt S, Fieggen AG, Vermeulen RJ, Becher JG, Langerak NG. Selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56:302-12.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32. espasticidade significativa interferindo com posicionamento, cuidados e alongamentos passivos; ausência de outros distúrbios do movimento; e ausência de contraturas fixas em múltiplas articulações. Em ambas as topografias são consideradas contraindicações para a RDS as anormalidades de movimentos (distonia, ataxia, coreoatetose, hipotonia, rigidez),44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,66. Graubert C, Song KM, McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF. Changes in gait at 1 year post-selective dorsal rhizotomy: results of a prospective randomized study. J Pediatr Orthop. 2000;20:496-500.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,1818. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Predicting functional change from preintervention measures in selective dorsal rhizotomy. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(4 Suppl):282-7.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. a instabilidade dos quadris,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32. a escoliose significante,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32. a presença de contraturas fixas significativas,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. ausência de força muscular antigravitacional1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32. e problemas visuais que limitem a mobilidade.1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.
A seleção correta dos pacientes para a realização da RDS é fundamental para o sucesso do tratamento.33. Grunt S, Fieggen AG, Vermeulen RJ, Becher JG, Langerak NG. Selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56:302-12.,3030. Giuliani CA. Dorsal rhizotomy for children with cerebral palsy: support for concepts of motor control. Phys Ther. 1991;71:248-59. Os critérios de seleção têm sido descritos e a literatura relata a importância dessa decisão ocorrer em equipe multidisciplinar, com treinamento e conhecimento especializado no cuidado da espasticidade em pacientes com PC e com acesso a todas as opções de tratamento.11. McLaughlin J, Bjornson K, Temkin N, Steinbok P, Wright V, Reiner A, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: meta-analysis of three randomized controlled trials. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:17-25.,22. Aquilina K, Graham D, Wimalasundera N. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: an old treatment re-emerging. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100:798-802.,33. Grunt S, Fieggen AG, Vermeulen RJ, Becher JG, Langerak NG. Selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56:302-12.,1010. Hendricks-Ferguson VL, Ortman MR. Selective dorsal rhizotomy to decrease spasticity in cerebral palsy. AORN J. 1995;61:514-8, 521-2, 525.,3131. Mugglestone MA, Eunson P, Murphy MS, Guideline Development Groop. Spasticity in children and young people with non-progressive brain disorders: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2012;345:e4845. Essa equipe normalmente é composta por fisioterapeuta, pediatra, ortopedista e neurocirurgião, todos com treinamento e conhecimentos específicos.11. McLaughlin J, Bjornson K, Temkin N, Steinbok P, Wright V, Reiner A, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: meta-analysis of three randomized controlled trials. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:17-25.,3131. Mugglestone MA, Eunson P, Murphy MS, Guideline Development Groop. Spasticity in children and young people with non-progressive brain disorders: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2012;345:e4845. Toda equipe, inclusive familiares, deve concordar com a decisão da RDS e com os objetivos do tratamento individual para cada criança.22. Aquilina K, Graham D, Wimalasundera N. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: an old treatment re-emerging. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100:798-802.,99. Steinbok P. Selective dorsal rhizotomy for spastic cerebral palsy: a review. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:981-90. Uma recente revisão sistemática refere ainda que esses critérios de seleção são variáveis entre os estudos e estão baseados mais em raciocínio clínico do que em evidência científica, sendo importante a criação de um consenso entre especialistas do assunto.33. Grunt S, Fieggen AG, Vermeulen RJ, Becher JG, Langerak NG. Selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2014;56:302-12.
Características dos protocolos de fisioterapia
A Tabela 4 descreve as características dos protocolos de fisioterapia utilizados após a RDS, incluindo período de início da fisioterapia, tempo de internação e frequência. Tipicamente, os estudos mostram que, após serem submetidos à RDS, os pacientes realizam reabilitação fisioterapêutica intensiva com duração aproximada de um ano, iniciando nos primeiros dias após a cirurgia e permanecendo internados de seis dias a seis semanas. Dois trabalhos1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,1515. Engsberg JR, Olree KS, Ross SA, Park TS. Spasticity and strength changes as a function of selective dorsal rhizotomy. Neurosurg focus. 1998;4:e4. relatam a realização de fisioterapia pré-operatória e três1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53.,2121. Buckon CE, Thomas SS, Harris GE, Piatt JH Jr, Aiona MD, Sussman MD. Objective measurement of muscle strength in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:454-60. mencionam a realização de terapia ocupacional no pós-operatório.
A metade dos estudos relata que, após o período de fisioterapia interna, diretrizes de tratamento específico foram enviadas para os terapeutas locais, tendo havido contato prévio com o terapeuta responsável para manter a continuidade do plano de tratamento.
Quanto ao programa de fisioterapia propriamente dito, na primeira semana após a RDS são realizadas mobilizações precoces de membros inferiores para a manutenção da amplitude de movimento e posicionamento, incluindo postura prona, supina e sentar com membros inferiores estendidos.55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7. Especificamente nos primeiros cinco dias, iniciam-se os exercícios de força muscular de abdutores e extensores de quadril, extensores de joelho, dorsiflexores e prática de padrões normais de ortostase e marcha.1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7. O início do ortostatismo é descrito sendo iniciado pelo uso do parapodium no oitavo dia,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47. ou com o uso de órteses Ankle Foot Orthoses (AFO) fixas ou de reação ao solo, para estimular a extensão dos joelhos no sexto dia,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7. e equipamentos de adaptação.1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69. O fortalecimento muscular é utilizado na descrição dos programas de reabilitação da maioria dos estudos,44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53.,2121. Buckon CE, Thomas SS, Harris GE, Piatt JH Jr, Aiona MD, Sussman MD. Objective measurement of muscle strength in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:454-60. com ênfase nas musculaturas dos membros inferiores de extensores e abdutores de quadril, extensores de joelho e dorsiflexores,88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7. além de fortalecimento de membros superiores1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47. e musculatura de tronco,44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47. treino isolado,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53. resistido progressivo,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32. de controle seletivo77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32. ou funcional.2121. Buckon CE, Thomas SS, Harris GE, Piatt JH Jr, Aiona MD, Sussman MD. Objective measurement of muscle strength in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:454-60. O treino de marcha inicia na segunda77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32. ou terceira semana,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47. com ênfase no padrão motor normal e com o uso de dispositivos auxiliares,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6. se necessário. Além disso é descrito o uso de facilitações de padrões de movimentos normais (teoria de neurodesenvolvimento),88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1111. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Graubert C, Hays RM, Roberts TS, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy: efficacy and safety in an investigator-masked randomized clinical trial. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:220-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,2121. Buckon CE, Thomas SS, Harris GE, Piatt JH Jr, Aiona MD, Sussman MD. Objective measurement of muscle strength in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:454-60. treino de habilidades motoras finas,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47. atividades funcionais,44. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Collins DR, Park TS. Effect of selective dorsal rhizotomy in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg. 2006;105:8-15.,55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,2020. Dudgeon BJ, Libby AK, McLaughlin JF, Hays RM, Bjornson KF, Roberts TS. Prospective measurement of functional changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75:46-53.,2121. Buckon CE, Thomas SS, Harris GE, Piatt JH Jr, Aiona MD, Sussman MD. Objective measurement of muscle strength in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:454-60.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. atividades de vida diária,55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32. controle e alinhamento postural88. Steinbok P, Reiner AM, Beauchamp R, Armstrong RW, Cochrane DD, Kestle J. A randomized clinical trial to compare selective posterior rhizotomy plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:178-84.,1313. Steinbok P, McLeod K. Comparison of motor outcomes after selective dorsal rhizotomy with and without preoperative intensified physiotherapy in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatr neurosurg. 2002;36:142-7.,1414. McLaughlin JF, Bjornson KF, Astley SJ, Hays RM, Hoffinger SA, Armantrout EA, et al. The role of selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy: critical evaluation of a prospective clinical series. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994;36:755-69.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. e treinamento de transferências posturais com ênfase no equilíbrio para sentar, semiajoelhar e ajoelhar, rastejar, levantar a partir de sentado no chão e na cadeira, em pé e na marcha.55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,77. Chan SH, Yam KY, Yiu-Lau BP, Poon CY, Chan NN, Cheung HM, et al. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in Hong Kong: multidimensional outcome measures. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39:22-32.,1212. Wright FV, Sheil EM, Drake JM, Wedge JH, Naumann S. Evaluation of selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled tria. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:239-47.,1717. Engsberg JR, Ross SA, Wagner JM, Park TS. Changes in hip spasticity and strength following selective dorsal rhizotomy and physical therapy for spastic cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:220-6.,2121. Buckon CE, Thomas SS, Harris GE, Piatt JH Jr, Aiona MD, Sussman MD. Objective measurement of muscle strength in children with spastic diplegia after selective dorsal rhizotomy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:454-60.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35. A realização de hidroterapia,55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7. equoterapia55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,1616. Schie PE, Vermeulen RJ, Ouwerkerk WJ, Kwakkel G, Becher JG. Selective dorsal rhizotomy in cerebral palsy to improve functional abilities: evaluation of criteria for selection. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:451-7. e atividades físicas55. Nordmark E, Josenby AL, Lagergren J, Andersson G, Stromblad LG, Westbom L. Long-term outcomes five years after selective dorsal rhizotomy. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:54.,2222. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Motor function after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:429-35.,2323. Josenby AL, Wagner P, Jarnlo GB, Westbom L, Nordmark E. Functional performance in self-care and mobility after selective dorsal rhizotomy: a 10-year practice-based follow-up study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57:286-93. também é citada.
Conforme as mais recentes recomendações do National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) para o tratamento da espasticidade em crianças e adolescentes com desordens não progressivas do cérebro, um programa de fisioterapia específico é essencial após a abordagem clínica da espasticidade com RDS,3131. Mugglestone MA, Eunson P, Murphy MS, Guideline Development Groop. Spasticity in children and young people with non-progressive brain disorders: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2012;345:e4845. sendo determinante para o sucesso do resultado final da RDS.3030. Giuliani CA. Dorsal rhizotomy for children with cerebral palsy: support for concepts of motor control. Phys Ther. 1991;71:248-59.
CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Diversos estudos relatam o tratamento da espasticidade por meio da RDS associada à fisioterapia. De forma geral, os trabalhos salientam a importância da seleção adequada de pacientes para esse procedimento com equipe multidisciplinar, incluindo o fisioterapeuta. A principal indicação inclui pacientes deambuladores com diplegia espástica com objetivo de melhora da marcha e do padrão motor funcional. Além disso, há outra indicação menos frequente em pacientes com quadriplegia espástica, que deve incluir a clareza dos objetivos de posicionamento, controle da espasticidade, sentar, higiene e cuidados diários para a família e o paciente. É unânime o reconhecimento da fisioterapia pós-operatória intensiva e de longa duração (principalmente no primeiro ano pós-operatório), que deve necessariamente ter estratégias para modificar o antigo padrão motor.
Sugere-se a realização de novos estudos prospectivos, considerando seguimento a longo prazo, metodologia adequada com a descrição dos protocolos de reabilitação e a utilização de instrumentos de avaliação validados para análise tanto dos aspectos estáticos quanto funcionais e de qualidade de vida a fim de esclarecer se os critérios de indicação para a RDS e a reabilitação pós-operatória empregados no momento são adequados.
Assim, esta revisão da literatura mostrou que a fisioterapia tem papel atuante na reabilitação de pacientes com PC submetidos à RDS. Essa atuação ocorre desde a seleção inicial dos pacientes em conjunto com a equipe, nas avaliações pré e pós-operatórias, até a reabilitação. Esta revisão poderá auxiliar os profissionais da saúde no tratamento pós-RDS de pacientes com PC espástica bilateral.
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Financiamento: O estudo não recebeu financiamento.
Datas de Publicação
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Publicação nesta coleção
15 Jan 2018 -
Data do Fascículo
Jan-Mar 2018
Histórico
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Recebido
05 Out 2016 -
Aceito
11 Abr 2017