Emission of aldehydes from light duty diesel vehicles

Abstracts

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar as emissões de acetaldeído e formaldeído, substâncias nocivas para a saúde das pessoas e cujas emissões dos veículos a diesel ainda não estão regulamentadas. MÉTODOS: Testes padronizados foram realizados em quatro veículos leves comerciais do ciclo diesel, testados num dinamômetro de chassis, usando o procedimento de teste FTP-75. Os poluentes foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que a emissão de acetaldeído variou de 5,9 a 45,4 mg/km e a de formaldeído variou de 16,5 a 115,2 mg/km. A emissão média para a soma dos aldeídos foi de 58,7 mg/km, variando de 22,5 mg/km a 160 mg/km. A proporção entre os dois se manteve constante, próximo de 74% de formaldeído e 26% de acetaldeído. CONCLUSÕES: A emissão de aldeídos provenientes de veículos movidos a diesel foi significativa quando comparada com as emissões reais dos veículos de ignição por centelha ou com o limite previsto para os veículos do ciclo Otto na legislação brasileira. O estabelecimento de limites de emissão para essas substâncias para veículos a diesel mostra-se importante, considerando o crescimento da frota de veículos a diesel, a toxicidade desses compostos e sua participação como precursores nas reações de formação de gás ozônio na baixa troposfera.

Substâncias perigosas; Aldeídos; Acetaldeído; Formaldeído; Emissões de veículos; Poluição do ar

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Emission of aldehydes from light duty diesel vehicles

Rui de Abrantes^I; João V de Assunção^II; Edegar Yoshio Hirai^I

^ILaboratório de veículos.Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (Cetesb). São Paulo, SP, Brasil

^IIDepartamento de Saúde Ambiental. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brasil

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To characterize acetaldehyde and formaldehyde emissions, which are harmful gases to human health and not yet regulated for diesel engines.

METHODS: Standardized tests were performed in four diesel light duty commercial vehicles, using a frame dynamometer and test procedure FTP-75. The pollutants were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography.

RESULTS: Results have shown acetaldehyde emission ranged from 5.9 to 45.4 mg/km, and formaldehyde emission from 16.5 to 115.2 mg/km. The average emission for aldehyde sum was 58.7 mg/km, ranging from 22.4 to 160.6 mg/km. The proportion between the two substances remained constant, close to 74% for formaldehydes and 26% for acetaldehydes.

CONCLUSIONS: The emission of diesel vehicle aldehydes was significant when compared with actual spark ignition vehicle emissions, or with the foresee limit for Otto cycle vehicles in Brazilian legislation. Establishing emission limits for these substances also in diesel vehicles is imperative in the light of the vehicle fleet growth, toxicity of these compounds, and their contribution as precursors in ozone gas formation reactions in low troposphere.

Keywords: Hazardous substances. Aldehydes. Acetaldehyde. Formaldehyde. Vehicle emissions. Air pollution.

INTRODUCTION

In the metropolitan region of São Paulo (MRSP) fleet of automotive vehicles, 5.9% were powered by diesel fuel in 2002. However, its relative share in mobile source emission was 83% of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 53% of sulphur oxides (SOx), and 77% of particulate matter (PM), not considering the share due to tyre wear emissions and 18.4% of total hydrocarbon rate.⁵

Depending on the increase of van use in public, school, and small delivery service transport, among others, MRSP diesel-powered light commercial vehicle fleet has had an expressive growth of 5.7% per year, a rate much higher than the last ten-year growth average of the world's vehicle fleet, of 2.6% per year.⁴

The emission of some diesel vehicle pollutants (total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, particulate matter, among others) has already been regulated in Brazil. Despite that, this high growth rate, associated with epidemiological study results, causes new concerns with respect to the population's health due to aldehyde exposure. This is because the law limits the emission of these pollutants only for spark-ignition vehicles, i.e., gasoline, alcohol, or gas-powered vehicles).⁷

Aldehydes cause irritation of eyes and airways and may cause headaches, general discomfort and irritability. There are reports of asthma caused by respiratory tract irritation due to formaldehyde exposure.

Additionally they can cause potential harm to flora, including potherbs, and fauna, especially unicellular organisms that are relatively sensitive to formaldehydes.^12,13

Aldehydes can be involved in chemical reactions in the atmosphere, generating other compounds. Among them the photochemical smog formation that mostly produces oxidizing gases, especially gas ozone. Besides causing respiratory conditions to human beings, oxidizing gases can also damage materials, mainly rubbers.¹²

High gas ozone concentrations have been a reason for warning in many urban centers, especially MRSP, which has presented frequent violations to the air quality standard for this pollutant, as detected in many measuring stations.⁵

Sporadic measurements of the atmosphere in the municipality of Sao Paulo by the Environmental Cleaning Technology Company (Cetesb) in 1997 have showed maximum levels of 40 parts per billion (ppb) of acetaldehyde and 77 ppb of formaldehyde.⁵ These levels are not very different from those obtained by Montero et al⁸ who in 1999 found maximum levels of 56.6 ppb of acetaldehyde and 46.6 ppb of formaldehyde. The World Health Organization (WHO)¹⁴ recommends a limit level of 86.5 ppb of formaldehyde for 30 minutes as maximum exposure time for the population.

The purpose of the present study was to identify and quantify two of the main aldehydes discharged by diesel cycle light commercial vehicles. In addition, to compare their results with average Otto cycle vehicle discharges and with the limits established in the Brazilian legislation for spark-ignition vehicles.

The present study is intended to provide input for aldehyde emission regulation and public health protection in Brazil.

METHODS

Four diesel cycle light commercial vehicles, three vans and one pick-up were submitted to standardized tests using a Clayton frame dynamometer, model ECE-50, in Cetesb's Vehicle Emission Laboratory. This dynamometer has the capability of simulating vehicle use conditions on the road. Table 1 displays the main characteristics of vehicles used in the study.

Each vehicle was submitted to two tests. All vehicles were tested in accordance with the Brazilian Standard ABNT/NBR 6601/01 which driving cycle is identical to the American test procedure USEPA FTP-75.¹¹ This standardized test procedure simulates urban driving conditions. It is divided into three phases: cold, stabilization, and hot phase. Vehicle fuel consumption was also measured, in accordance with Standard ABNT/NBR 7024.³

Vehicle adjustment and fuel consumption are two variables that can interfere with the results of a vehicle test; that is why test standards specify the use of a standardized fuel in order to reduce dispersion. This is mainly attained in vehicle homologation tests, when the aim is an exclusive assessment of the vehicle, which requires fuel repeatability.

It was sought to know the actual pollutant amount discharged by vehicles in use, including all the variability that a non-standardized fuel or non-previously adjusted vehicles could generate. For that, commercial diesel fuel was used in the study instead of standardized diesel fuel. All vehicles were tested with no previous adjustment in order to assess the effective aldehyde amount emitted into the atmosphere.

Figure 1 shows the sampling apparatus. After being mixed and homogenized with ambient air, samples were collected in accordance with CFR 40 method directions.¹¹ A constant volume sampler per critical venturi (Horiba CVS-CFV, model 20A), together with a total dilution tunnel, was used. This dilution tunnel comprised a stainless steel duct with a diameter that would create a turbulent flow to homogenize discharges with environmental air mixing.

An ambient air-mixing chamber was also used, receiving dilution air previously filtered by two particle filters, and one filter for organic compounds (hydrocarbons). This chamber was positioned as close as possible to the vehicles in order to prevent water condensation in the sampling system.

As shown in Figure 1, the sampling point was positioned downstream of the cyclonic separator, in the center, facing upstream. A diluted portion of the discharge gas was bubbled into gas washing flasks containing an absorbent solution, at a flow rate of two liters per minute, in accordance with directions of the ABNT/NBR 12026 method.¹

In order to obtain the actual vehicle emissions, each phase of the test had an assemblage of two gas washing flasks in series and ambient air collecting had an assemblage of two flasks in series to subtract the ambient concentration from the total measured. These procedures comprised a total of eight flasks, placed in a sink containing chilled water (temperature ranging from 2ºC to 6ºC). The ambient air sampling point was located close to the aldehyde sampler.

Each gas-washing flask contained 25 mL of an aldehyde absorption solution, so that any aldehyde in the discharge gas would generate carbonylic derivatives.

The absorption solution was prepared in the following proportion: 150 mg of 2.4 dinitrophenylhydrazine (purity equal to 99%, CAS 119-26-6) per liter of acetonitrile (high-performance liquid chromatograph – HPLC –, purity higher over 99.9%, CAS 75-05-8), and added five drops of a perchloric acid solution (170 ml of perchloric acid – 70% PA, formula HClO₄, CAS 7601-90-3 – per each distilled and deionized water liter). The samples were injected on the same day of their sampling.

Gases, after filtering, were collected in inert plastic bags (tedlar) for quantification of carbon dioxide (CO₂).

The method used to determine carbonylic derivative concentrations was based on the proportionality of the areas under standard and sample chromatographic peaks. Carbonylic derivatives were separated, identified, and quantified in a HPLC with a visible ultraviolet (UV/VIS) detector.

A Waters pump model 6000A and a Jasco UV/VIS detector model UV-970, 365 nm wavelength, equipped the HPLC. A reverse-phase octadecylsilane (ODS) column (C-18, 25 cm x 4.6 ID x 5 mm) was used with isocratic mobile phase containing 65% acetonitrile and 35% distilled water, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min.

In order to determine aldehyde linearity range, a stock solution was prepared by dissolving the standard of formaldehyde (99% purity, CAS 1081-15-8), and acetaldehyde (99% purity, CAS 1019-57-4) in acetonitrile with further homogenization. From this solution, five different dilutions were prepared and five injections of each solution were performed. Using linear regression, each aldehyde linearity stripe was determined, adopting the criterion of correlation coefficient (r²) greater or equal to 0.9999.

Acetaldehyde linearity stripe ranged from 20.20 to 1,010 µg/L and its greatest standard deviation in the calibration curve was 0.01436 µg/L. Formaldehyde linearity stripe, however, ranged from 19.86 to 993 µg/Land its greatest standard deviation in the calibration curve was 0.02057 µg/L.

Aldehyde detection limit was determined by adopting threefold the standard deviation obtained relatively to the minimum measurement; acetaldehyde level was 0.30 µg/L and formaldehyde level was 0.67 µg/L.

Aldehyde quantification limit was determined by adopting tenfold the standard deviation obtained relatively to the minimum measurement; acetaldehyde level was 1.00 µg/L and formaldehyde level was 2.23 µg/L.

As a calibration daily standard one of the stock solution dilutions was used and its concentration was as close as possible to the samples' concentrations.

RESULTS

Table 2 displays the results of all tests performed. All tested vehicle acetaldehyde emission ranged from 5.9 up to 45.4 mg/km and formaldehyde emissions ranged from 16.5 up to 115.2 mg/km. Both aldehydes sum varied from 22.4 to 160.6 mg/km, while aldehyde sum emission relatively to fuel consumption varied from 151.0 to 1,406.4 mg/L.

DISCUSSION

Comparing vehicle B's urban^* autonomy averages before and after engine reconditioning, they were 6.6 km/L for the two first tests before reconditioning and 6.7 km/L for the two tests after it. A practically inexpressive improvement of almost 2% was found. Nevertheless, the average aldehyde emission sum changed from 34.9% to 69.2 mg/km, a practically 100% increase. This unexpected value indicates the need for further evaluation, since a low pollutant emission is normally anticipated in well-regulated engines. Though according to Turns,¹⁰ formaldehyde generation can be explained by methane or propane (obtained from combustion breakdown) stoichiometric oxidation with air under high temperatures, generating O, H, and OH radicals that attack methane and propane.

Sjogren⁹ has studied emission of two diesel engines with several proportions of air/fuel and has found values that ranged from 6.2 to 128 mg/km for acetaldehyde and from 4.8 to 258 mg/km for formaldehyde. These results show a wider range and maximum values that are more than double of those obtained in the present study. However, these differences can be explained by differences found in the bus cycle, altering the pollutant emission profile, and of several air/fuel proportions; this provide fuel or oxygen in excess for an adequate combustion.

Since 1992, Brazilian legislation, through the Vehicle Air Pollution Control Program (Proconve), has set an aldehyde sum emission limit of 150 mg/km for new Otto-cycle light passenger vehicles. In 1997, this limit was reduced to 30 mg/km, i.e., a reduction of 80%. In 1998, this program has set the same limit of 30 mg/km for new Otto-cycle light commercial vehicles (with a test weight up to 1,700 kg) and an emission limit of 60 mg/km (for vehicles with a test weight greater than 1,700 kg).⁷

As of 2009 aldehyde emission limit has been anticipated to be 20 mg/km for the same categories of the vehicles with a test weight below or equal to 1,700 kg and 40 mg/km for vehicles with test weight greater than 1,700 kg. However, no inclusion has been anticipated for diesel cycle vehicle aldehyde emission.⁶

When compared with actual emissions of light spark ignition vehicles manufactured in 1995, diesel vehicle produce more aldehydes than gasoline ones and have the same magnitude as those of alcohol vehicles, given the emission average factor of 25 mg/km for gasoline vehicles and 42 mg/km for alcohol vehicles.⁵

In early Proconve implementation years, diesel vehicle aldehyde emission was considered insignificant, for their emission was much lower when compared with same category Otto-cycle vehicles. However, as seen in Figure 2, two of the four tested vehicles have violated the spark ignition limit, that is, 60 mg/km; one after its engine had been rectified and the other with 31,000 original km. The other two vehicles emitted on average approximately 46% of the limit already established for same category spark ignition vehicles.

In Brazil, no studies have been carried out aiming at determining deterioration factors related to diesel vehicle aldehyde emission, seen as highly important, for it is necessary to have a better knowledge of the profile of these compound emissions to the atmosphere.

The results suggest that, in some cases, diesel vehicles of the tested category emit much more aldehydes than spark ignition vehicles. The latter have already been equipped with catalytic converters, which significantly reduce these pollutant emissions.

Though aldehyde sum emission differences were significant from one vehicle to another – by analysis of variance (ANOVA), one can confirm that aldehyde emission average was different among vehicles (F^**=28>Fc^***=6.6). The proportion between acetaldehyde and formaldehyde remained practically the same in the ten tests performed, for it was around 74% of formaldehyde and 26% of acetaldehyde, as shown in Figure 3.

Performing studies with larger samples would be relevant, including the carrying out tests in motor dynamometers and in other vehicle categories in order to describe the in-use diesel vehicle fleet aldehyde emission profile, evaluate the deterioration factor of these vehicles as well as create an inventory of these pollutants emissions.

As a conclusion, the present study shows diesel vehicle aldehyde emission is significant and important and defining an emission limit for these substances, as for spark ignition vehicles, is also necessary for these vehicles. Brazilian legislation restriction for spark ignition vehicles with regards to aldehyde emissions showed to be effective and resulted in environmental improvements, especially with the use of catalytic converters. Its relevance is stressed considering diesel vehicle fleet growth, added to the fact that aldehydes pose risks to human health, contribute to an increase in biota morbidity and mortality rates, besides being significantly involved in ozone formation photochemical reactions in low troposphere.

REFERENCES

Received on 2/3/2004. Reviewed on 10/9/2004. Approved on 9/11/2004.

Based on a Master's dissertation presented at the Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, 2002.

References

• ¹ Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas [ABNT]. NBR 12026: veículos rodoviários automotores leves: determinação da emissão de aldeídos e cetonas contidas no gás de escapamento, por cromatografia líquida – Método DNPH. Rio de Janeiro; 1997. p. 10.
• ² Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas [ABNT]. NBR 6601: Veículos rodoviários automotores leves – Determinação de hidrocarbonetos, monóxido de carbono, óxidos de nitrogênio e dióxido de carbono no gás de escapamento. Rio de Janeiro; 2001. p. 29.
• 3. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas [ABNT]. NBR 7024, de 1989: veículos rodoviários automotores leves: medição do consumo de combustível. Rio de Janeiro; 1990. p. 9.
• ⁴ Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores [Anfavea]. Anuário estatístico da indústria automobilística brasileira 2000 [relatório on-line]. Disponível em: URL: http://www.anfavea.com.br/Index.html [27 mai 2003]
• 5. Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental [Cetesb]. Relatório de qualidade do ar no Estado de São Paulo 2001. São Paulo; 2002. p. 130.
• 6. Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente [CONAMA]. Resolução n. 315, de 29 out 2002: Dispõe sobre as novas etapas do Programa de Controle de Poluição do Ar por veículos Automotores [Proconve]. Brasília (DF): Diário Oficial da União; 15 mar 2002.
• 7. Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis [Ibama]. Programa de controle da poluição do ar por veículos automotores (Proconve). 2ş ed. Brasília (DF); 1998. p. 181. [Coleção Meio Ambiente. Série Diretrizes - Gestão ambiental, 2]
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• 9. Sjögren M, Li H, Rannug U, Westerholm R. Multivariate analysis of exaust emissions from heavy-duty diesel fuels. Environ Sci Technol 1996;30:38-49.
• 10. Turns SR. An introduction to combustion: concepts and aplications. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996. p. 128-49.
• ¹¹ United States of America. Code Federal Regulations. CFR 40 part 86 sub part B. Emission regulations for 1977 and later model year new light-duty vehicles and new light-duty trucks; test procedures. Available from URL: http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_99/40cfr86_99.html [2000 Apr 12]
• 12. World Health Organization (WHO). Acetaldehyde. Geneva; 1995. [International Programme on Chemical: Safety Environmental Health Criteria, 167]
• 13. World Health Organization (WHO). Formaldehyde. Geneva; 1989. [International Programme on Chemical Safety: Environmental Health Criteria, 89]
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*

Urban autonomy is inversely proportional to urban consumption, according to NBR 7024 (ABNT,

² 1990).

**

F: Factor calculated in ANOVA test.

***

Fc: Critical factor in ANOVA test.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  30 June 2005
• Date of issue
  June 2005

History

• Reviewed
  10 Sept 2004
• Received
  02 Mar 2004
• Accepted
  09 Nov 2004