Deportação ou integração. Os dilemas negros de Lincoln

Resumos

O artigo discute a evolução da posição de Abraham Lincoln com respeito à emancipação nos Estados Unidos. Seu pensamento variou da perspectiva colonizadora, na qual os negros livres e os libertos seriam deportados do território norteamericano, para uma posição próxima à integração, na qual os mesmos seriam assimilados com direitos restritos, na sequência à abolição. Três elementos importantes nessa transição foram: as origens políticas de Lincoln no partido Whig. O debate sobre o "solo livre" e a política presidencial durante a Guerra Civil. Nas páginas que se seguem farei uma revisão das principais posições apresentadas pelo debate historiográfico a respeito da influência desses fatores sobre o 16º presidente norte-americano.

Abraham Lincoln; escravidão; emancipação; colonização; integração; deportação; Guerra Civil.

This article discusses the evolution of Abraham Lincoln´s position concerning slave emancipation in the United States. His thinking underwent a transition from colonization, under which freed blacks would be deported from American territory after emancipation, to integration, under which former slaves and freedmen would be assimilated as partial citizens in the American polity. Three important elements in this transition were Lincoln´s Whig origins, the debate over free soil, and Presidential politics during the Civil War. In the following pages I review the main arguments in these American historiographic debates from the standpoint of their influence on the 16th American President.

Abraham Lincoln; slavery; emancipation; colonization; integration; deportation; Civil War.

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Full text available only in PDF format.

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• 1
  A pesquisa para este trabalho contou com suporte financeiro do CNPq e da CAPES. Possíveis problemas com a tradução de citações são responsabilidade do autor.
• 2
  Abstenho-me aqui de discutir a validade da utilização do conceito de raça. Sigo a discussão tal qual me parece ter sido ela processada pelos atores políticos sublinhados no decorrer deste texto.
• 3
  Entre outros, a coletânea organizada por Roy P. Basler, The Lincoln Legend: a study in Changing conceptions. David Donald, Lincoln's Herndon e Michael Davis, The Image of Lincoln in the South.
• 4
  Leon F. Litwack, Being in the Storm so Long; The aftermath of Slavery; Richard N. Current, The Lincoln nobody knows; Lerone Bennett Jr., "Was Lincoln a White Supremacist?", em Ebony, XXIII, p. 37 e Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro.
• 5
  Para uma crítica à noção de excepcionalismo, ver Thomas Bender, A Nation among Nations. America's Place in World History, especialmente "Freedom in an age of nation-making", p. 116-181.
• 6
  Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, p. 210.
• 7
  Para a relação entre religião e abolicionismo, ver: David Biron Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the age of Revolution, especialmente, p. 39-83. Ver, também, Ronal G. Walters, American Reformers, 1815-1860, especialmente p. 7-102.
• 8
  Thomas Jefferson, Autobiography, 1743-1790, p. 44. Este texto foi publicado em originalmente em 1821, quando Jefferson estava com 71 anos.
• 9
  John Kirk para seu irmão, 13 de março de 1853. Citado em Arvarh E. Strickland, "The Illinois Background of Lincoln's At-titude Toward Slavery and the Negro". In: Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Volume LVI, número 3, 1963, p. 86.
• 10
  Discurso de Daniel Webster, 7 de março de 1850. Citado em Harold C. Syrett (org.). Documentos Históricos dos Estados Unidos, p. 189.
• 11
  Os estados do Sul incluem: Delaware, Maryland, Distrito de Columbia (Washington), Virginia, Carolina do Norte, Ken-tucky, Missouri, Tennessee, Carolina do Sul, Georgia, Florida, Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi e Texas.
• 12
  Sobre os primeiros anos de Lincoln, ver Benjamin Quarles, op. cit., p. 25-50.
• 13
  Elmer Gertz, "The Black Laws of Illinois". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908-1984), Vol. 56, n^o 3, Emancipation Centennial Issue(Autumn, 1963), p. 454-473 e Irving Dilliard, "Civil Liberties of Negroes in Illinois Since 1865". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (1908-1984), Vol. 56, n^o 3, Emancipation Centennial Issue (Autumn, 1963), p. 593-624.
• 14
  Leon F. Litwack. North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860.
• 15
  Strickland, op. cit., p. 482.
• 16
  Thomas Brown, Politics and Statesmanship: essays on the American Whig Party, p. 140-142.
• 17
  Abraham Lincoln, Elogio fúnebre a Henry Clay, 1852. Citado em Roy P. Basler (org.) The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. II, p. 132.
• 18
  David Potter, The Impending Crisis, p. 27.
• 19
  A esse respeito ver, John Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism and Politics in the Antebellum Republic. Vol. 2, "The coming of the Civil War", p. 17-45.
• 20
  Blaster, op. cit., vol. II, p. 256.
• 21
  Lincoln para Joshua Fry Speed. In: Roy P. Blaster, op. cit., p. 323.
• 22
  Citado em Don E. Fehrenbacher, "Only His Stepchildren: Lincoln and the Negro". In: Civil War History, vol. XX, n^o 4, 1974, p. 298.
• 23
  Leronne Bennett Jr. Op. cit., p. 38.
• 24
  Major E. Boney para A. Lincoln, 18 de fevereiro de 1861. Citado em Ira Berlin et al. Black Military Experience, Doc. 162, p. 411.
• 25
  George Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind, p. xii-xiii.
• 26
  Para um estudo sobre os "unionistas" do Sul ver William W. Freehling, The South VS. The South: how anti-Confederate Southerners shaped the course of the Civil War, especialmente p. 47-66.
• 27
  Abraham Lincoln, "Annual Message to Congress, December 3, 1861". Citado em, Don E. Fehrenbacher (ed.), Abraham Lincoln, p. 176.
• 28
  Citado em Manoj K. Joshi e Joseph P. Reidy, "To Come Foreward and Aid in Putting Down This Unholy Rebellion: The Officers of Louisiana's Free Black Native Guard During the Civil War Era". Southern Studies, vol. 21, n^o 2, 1983, p. 330. Ira Berlin et all., "The Black Military Experience". In: Slaves no More. Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War. Nova Iorque: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p. 195.
• 29
  Benjamin C. Howard (org.), Report of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the Unites States, and the opinions of the Judges thereon in the case of Dred Scot versus John F. A. Sandford, (Washington: 1857). Citado em David M. Osher,Soldier Citizens for a Disciplined Nation..., p. 371.
• 30
  Louis Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedmen. Federal Policy Toward Southern Blacks, 1861-1865, p. 11-13.
• 31
  Leonard P. Curry, Blueprint for Modern America: Non-Military Legislation of the First Civil War Congress. Para o comportamento dos representantes republicanos no Congresso ver, Herman Belz, Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era.
• 32
  Henry W. Halleck para Ulysses S. Grant, 31 março de 1863. Citado em Ira Berlin et. al., Black Military Experience, Doc. 50, p. 144.
• 33
  The New York Times, November 21, 1862.
• 34
  Michael Vorenberg, "Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Black Colonization". Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, volume 14, número 2, 1993, p. 23-45.
• 35
  Roy P. Blaster, Collected Works, volume V, p. 388-389.
• 36
  Citado em Norman A. Graebner (org.), The enduring Lincoln, p. 105.

Datas de Publicação

• Publicação nesta coleção
  Jun 2010