Influence of vascular assessment/visualization in peripheral intravenous catheterization technologies: An integrative review

Santos, Luciano Marques dos; Santos, Sarah Almeida; Silva, Bianka Souza Martins; Santana, Rosana Castelo Branco de; Avelar, Ariane Ferreira Machado

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Sumário

REVIEW • Esc. Anna. Nery 24 (3) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2019-0355 copy

Influence of vascular assessment/visualization in peripheral intravenous catheterization technologies: An integrative review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective

to verify the influence of vascular ultrasound, infrared light emission, and transdermal lighting on the success of peripheral intravenous catheterization, number of attempts, time to perform the procedure, catheter stay in situ and occurrence of complications in children, when compared to the traditional method.

Method

this is an integrative literature review carried out from 2018 to 2020 at the Virtual Health Library, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science. Original studies, published between 2007 and 2019, comparing the use of these technologies with the traditional method of peripheral intravenous catheterization in children aged 0 - 18 years, were selected. Results: of 52 potential studies, 25 made up the final sample. Ten were related to vascular ultrasound use, 11 to infrared light and 4 to transdermal lighting.

Conclusion and implications for practice

ultrasound seems to be the most effective technology to promote the successful achievement of peripheral intravenous catheterization. However, there is a need for further studies to better determine the effectiveness of the technologies studied in obtaining and maintaining peripheral intravenous catheterization. It may provide clinical practices based on recent evidence, improving the quality of care for hospitalized children and their families, by promoting patient safety.

Keywords:
Ultrasonography; Transillumination; Child; Peripheral Catheterization

Authors	Objectives	Results
Avelar et al.¹⁵15 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...	Verifying if vascular ultrasound increases the assertiveness in peripheral intravenous catheter and catheter stay time use when compared to the traditional puncture method.	No significant differences were observed in the overall success rate (p=0.970), in first attempt success rate (p=0.232), or in the catheter stay time (p=0.121).
Benkhadra et al.¹¹11 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...	Comparing vascular ultrasound use with the standard technique in children <3 years of age who require general anesthesia.	Ultrasound reduced the average PIC time (63.5 seconds versus 420.5 seconds, p<0.001); the average number of punctures (1 versus 2.5, p= 0.004); and increased the first attempt success rate (85% versus 35%, p=0.0012), when compared to the traditional method. The overall success rate did not differ significantly between groups (90% versus 85%, ultrasound versus standard technique, p=0.63)
Bair et al.¹²12 Bair AE, Rose JS, Vance CW, Andrada-Brown E, Kuppermann N. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral venous access in young children: a randomized controlled trial and pilot feasibility study. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(4):219-24. PMid:19561750.	Determining whether a static ultrasound technique use could: a) allow clinicians to view peripheral veins; b) improve PIC success rates.	The groups that used ultrasound had the same success rate when compared to the traditional method (57%). Success of PIC on first attempt was greater in the ultrasound group when compared to the traditional method (35%, versus 29%).
Curtis et al.¹³13 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...	Determining whether ultrasound or infrared use to guide PIC would be more effective than the standard method in obtaining a successful catheter on first attempt.	There were no significant differences in the first attempt success rate - general population: (p=0.3) younger than 3 years: (p=0.2); nor in the procedure time (p <0.5) as well as the number of attempts both for the total sample (Ultrasound: 1 versus traditional method: 1) and in children under 3 years old (Ultrasound: 1.5 versus traditional method: 1).
Oakley & Wong¹⁴14 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.	Assessing the implantation and usefulness of vascular ultrasound to assist PIC in a pediatric emergency department.	Ultrasound increased the success rate in the general sample (42% versus 38%, p=0.08) and in patients with difficult access (success 35% versus 18%, p=0.003), as well as first attempt success rate (64% versus 49%, p=0.08). Attempts with vascular ultrasound use took longer than attempts with the traditional method (4 minutes versus 2 minutes and 15 seconds, p <0.001).
Avelar et al.¹⁵15 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...	Analyzing whether vascular ultrasound use during the routine insertion of peripheral catheters increases the success rate and reduces the incidence of infiltration and phlebitis, compared to the standard reference method for catheter insertion.	There were no significant differences in the success rate in any of the subgroups analyzed: > 2 years (p=0.148); 2-7 years (p=0.848); 7–12 years (p=0.538); 12 - 18 years old:(p=0.055). Regarding the occurrence of complications, infiltration increased significantly with vascular ultrasound use (73.9% versus 51.1%; p=0.026).
Takeshita et al.¹⁶16 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...	Examining the factors that affect the PIC of invisible and impalpable veins in children and assess the best site for ultrasound-guided catheterization.	Vascular ultrasound use increased the success rate of PIC (68% versus 39%; (p=0.002) and reduced the procedure time (54 “versus 180”; p=0.003)
Doniger et al.¹⁷17 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...	Assessing whether ultrasound use improves the success rate, reduces the number of attempts, the number of needle redirects and the total time for PIC in pediatric patients with difficult access in a pediatric emergency.	The overall success rates for the ultrasound group were 80% and for the control group 64% (p=0.208). Ultrasound reduced the total time (6.3 versus 14.4 minutes, p= 0.001); the number of attempts (average, 1 against 3; p= 0.004), when compared to the traditional method.
Vinograd et al.¹⁸18 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....	Determining whether ultrasound improves first attempt success rates at PIC compared to traditional palpation methods for children with difficult access.	Ultrasound increased the first attempt success rate (85.4% versus 45.8%), reduced the average number of attempts (2 versus 1) and the time to perform the procedure (28 minutes versus 14 minutes) and increased catheter stay (4.5 days versus 2.6 days). No significant differences were found in the occurrence of complications (48% in the control group versus 40% in the ultrasound group) (p> 0.05).
Gopalasingam et al.¹⁹19 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...	Comparing ultrasound use with the standard palpation technique for PIC in anesthetized children undergoing low-risk elective procedures.	First attempt success rate and overall success rate were higher with ultrasound use (84% versus 60%; p=0.029) and (100% versus 84%; p=0.008), respectively. There were no significant differences in the number of attempts (p=0.05) and the procedure was slightly longer in the ultrasound group (192s versus 102s), but without statistical significance (p=0.073).
Rothbart et al.²⁰20 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...	Assessing whether Accuvein^® (AV300) use facilitates PIC in children	Accuvein^® reduced the average time of successful PIC when compared to the traditional method (1 min versus 2 min, p <0.01), but it increased the average number of attempts (2 versus 1, p <0.01) and reduced the first attempt success rate (0.45% versus 0.73%, p <0.01).
Kaddoum et al.²¹21 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...	Assessing the effectiveness of Accuvein^® (AV300) to improve the first attempt success rate at PIC of anesthetized pediatric patients.	First attempt success rate did not increase with significant results in the general sample or in the subgroup of children under 2 years old (p=0.85 and 0.62, respectively), as well as the number of attempts (p=0.86) and the procedure time (p=0.047).
Demir et al.²²22 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...	Determining the effect of using a vein visualization device on the success of the procedure based on the number of attempts per patient, duration of the procedure and the first attempt success rate.	The procedure time was shorter with AccuVein^® use than with the traditional method (37.24 seconds versus 172.6 seconds; p=0.001), with fewer attempts (1.08 versus, 2.23 p <0.01). AccuVein^® use also increased the first attempt success rate (91.7% versus 47.4%; p=0.001).
Kim et al.⁷7 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...	Comparing the PIC first attempt success rate between traditional method use and VeinViewer^® use.	VeinViewer^® use obtained a higher first attempt success rate (72% versus 57%), but without statistical significance (p=0.526). When performing logistic regression considering patients with difficult venous access, the result was significant (p=0.048).
Hess²³23 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.	Assessing the effectiveness of a vein visualization device on the success of PICs performed by nurses in a pediatric surgical unit.	VeinViewer^® use increased the first attempt success rate (80%) when compared to the traditional method (49%) (p <0.01), as well as reducing the number of attempts from 1.97 to 1.29 (p <0.001).
Chapman et al.²⁴24 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.	Assessing whether VeinViewer^® use reduces the time and number of attempts at PIC in children in the pediatric emergency department.	First attempt success rate did not obtain significant results neither in the general sample nor in the subgroup of 0-2 years (p=0.53 and 0.19, respectively), as well as the number of attempts (p=0.3) the procedure time obtained a significant reduction with VeinViewer^® use in the subgroup of 0-2 years (121 minutes versus 167 minutes, p=0.047).
Szmuk et al.²⁵25 Szmuk P, Steiner J, Pop RB, Farrow-Gillespie A, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. The veinviewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1087-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e. PMid:23492965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...	Assessing whether VeinViewer^® improves the success rate in PIC by nurses experienced in pediatric patients.	PIC use obtained a higher success rate (61%) than VeinViewer^® use (47%), (p=0.0003)
Sun et al.²⁶26 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6.	Assessing the effectiveness of VeinViewer^® use to visualize the venous network in sick children.	First attempt success rate was the same both with VeinViewer^® use and with the traditional method (30%), but the number of attempts and the procedure time were reduced with VeinViewer^® use (1 versus 2, p=0.04 and (186.16 minutes versus. 427.87 minutes, p=0.014).
Perry et al.²⁷27 Perry AM, Caviness AC, Hsu DC. Efficacy of a near-infrared light device in pediatric intravenous cannulation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(1):5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182037caf. PMid:21178814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182...	Determining whether infrared light device use (VeinViewer^®) improves PIC first attempt success rate in a pediatric emergency department.	First attempt success rate was higher with the traditional method use (79%) than with VeinViewer^® use (72.1%), but without statistical significance (p=0.36).
Rothbart et al.²⁰20 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...	Assessing whether Accuvein^® (AV300) use facilitates PIC in children	Accuvein^® reduced the average time of successful PIC when compared to the traditional method (1 min versus 2 min, p <0.01), but it increased the average number of attempts (2 versus 1, p <0.01) and reduced the first attempt success rate (0.45% versus 0.73%, p <0.01).
Peterson et al.²⁸28 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...	Examining the successful visualization of veins by two PIC auxiliary devices by nurses and pediatric surgical doctors.	WeeSight^® and VeinViewer^® use had success rates close to (35.3% and 32.3%, respectively) and lower than those obtained using the traditional method (52.2%), (p=0.001).
Van der Woude et al.²⁹29 Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde. PMid:23649104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...	Verifying the effectiveness of an infrared device (VascuLuminator^®) to facilitate PIC in children with dark skin color.	VascuLuminator^® use increased the first attempt success rate (63% versus 51%) and reduced the procedure time (53 seconds versus 68 seconds), when compared to the control group, but did not obtain significant results (p=0.27 and 0.50, respectively). In the subgroup with difficult venous access, VascuLuminator^® significantly increased the first attempt success rate (p=0.03).
Hosokaw et al.³⁰30 Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x. PMid:20626357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.20...	Comparing the success rate and duration of PIC with and without transillumination use.	The success rate with transillumination was higher (75%) when compared to the traditional method (61%), but without statistical significance (p=0.10), in children under 2 years old, transillumination achieved statistical significance (p=0.03). Regarding the procedure time, teransilumination use significantly reduced it (p=0.01).
Katsogridakis et al.³¹31 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...	Assessing PIC using Veinlite^®.	The success rate in two attempts was higher with Veinlite^® use (59.5% versus 56.3%, p=0.01), whereas first attempt success only obtained statistical significance after logistic regression (p=0.03).
Gümüş et al.³²32 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...	Assessing the effectiveness of Veinlite^® PEDI to improve the visualization of veins in the pediatric emergency department.	Veinlite^® increased the first attempt success rate (92.9% versus 72.2%, p <0.004); reduced the number of attempts 1.07 versus 1.31 p=0.04) and the total time of attempts compared to the control group (49.98 versus 59.68 seconds p=0.01)
Yamazaki et al.³³33 Yamazaki S, Tomita S, Watanabe M, Kawaai H, Shimamura K. Effects of a transmitted light device for pediatric peripheral venipuncture and intravenous cannulation. Med Devices. 2011;4(1):189-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497. PMid:22915945. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497...	Assessing success rates for PIC in children using transillumination.	Transillumination use with fiber optic lighting increased the success rate of PIC (p=0.0000002).

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[1] Corresponding author:
Sarah Almeida Santos. E-mail: sarahalmeida21@hotmail.com.

Vascular Ultrasonography	Authors/Year of Publication	Type of Study/ Technology used	Population/Sample/Age
	Avelar et al.¹⁵15 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...	RCT/Ultrasound	335 children (0 to 18 years)
	Benkhadra et al.¹¹11 Benkhadra M, Collignon M, Fournel I, Oeuvrard C, Rollin P, Perrin M et al. Ultrasound guidance allows faster peripheral IV cannulation in children under 3 years of age with difficult venous access: a prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(5):449-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03830.x. PMid:22409596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...	RCT/Ultrasound	40 children (<3 years)
	Bair et al.¹²12 Bair AE, Rose JS, Vance CW, Andrada-Brown E, Kuppermann N. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral venous access in young children: a randomized controlled trial and pilot feasibility study. West J Emerg Med. 2008;9(4):219-24. PMid:19561750.	RCT/Ultrasound	44 children (<7 years)
	Curtis et al.¹³13 Curtis SJ, Craig WR, Logue E, Vandermeer B, Hanson A, Klassen T. Ultrasound or near-infrared vascular imaging to guide peripheral intravenous catheterization in children: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2015;187(8):563-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012. PMid:25897047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141012...	RCT/Ultrasound	428 children (≤16 years)
	Oakley & Wong¹⁴14 Oakley E, Wong A. Ultrasound-assisted peripheral vascular access in a paediatric ED. Emerg Med Australas. 2010 jan 26;22(2):166-70. PMid:20534052.	Observational Prospective Study/Ultrasound	84 children (<18 years)
	Avelar et al.¹⁵15 Avelar AFM, Poterllini MAS, Pedreira MLG. Ultrasonography-guided peripheral intravenous access in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Infus Nurs. 2015;38(5):320-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000126. PMid:26339938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000...	RCT/Ultrasound	335 children (12 days to 17 years)
	Takeshita et al.¹⁶16 Takeshita J, Nakayama Y, Nakajima Y, Sessler DI, Ogawa S, Sawa T et al. Optimal site for ultrasound-guided venous catheterisation in paediatric patients: na observational study to investigate predictors for catheterisation success and a randomised controlled study to determine the most successful site. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0733-4. PMid:25600063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-073...	RCT/Ultrasound	96 children (1 to 2 years)
	Doniger et al.¹⁷17 Doniger SJ, Ishimine P, Fox JC, Kanegaye JT. Randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement versus traditional techniques in difficult-access pediatric patients. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):154-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31819a8946. PMid:19262420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...	RCT/Ultrasound	50 children (<10 years)
	Vinograd et al.¹⁸18 Vinograd AM, Chen AE, Woodford AL, Fesnak S, Gaines S, Elci O et al. Ultrasonographic guidance to improve first-attempt success in children with predicted difficult intravenous access in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019;74(1):19-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.02.019. PMid:31126618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed....	RCT/Ultrasound	167 children (0 to 18 years)
	Gopalasingam et al.¹⁹19 Gopalasingam N, Obad DS, Kristensen BS, Lundgaard P, Veien M, Gjedsted J et al. Ultrasound-guidance outperforms the palpation technique for peripheral venous catheterisation in anaesthetised toddlers: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017;61(6):601-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901. PMid:28485467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aas.12901...	RCT/Ultrasound	50 children (> 6 months and <4 years)
Infrared light	Rothbart et al.²⁰20 Rothbart A, Yu P, Muller-Lobeck L, Spies CD, Wernecke KD, Nachtigall I. Peripheral intravenous cannulation with support of infrared laser vein viewing system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1431-2. PMid:26391665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-143...	RCT/AccuVein^®	238 children (0 to 17 years)
	Kaddoum et al.²¹21 Kaddoum RN, Anghelescu DL, Parish ME, Wright BB, Trujillo L, Wu J et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the AccuVein AV300 device to standard insertion technique for intravenous cannulation of anesthetized children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(9):884-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03896.x. PMid:22694242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.20...	RCT/AccuVein^®	146 children (0 to 17 years)
	Demir et al.²²22 Demir D, Inal S. Does the use of a vein visualization device for peripheral venous catheter placement increase success rate in pediatric patients? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019;35(7):474-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001007. PMid:28072667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...	RCT/AccuVein^®	129 children (3 to 18 years)
	Kim et al.⁷7 Kim MJ, Park JM, Rhee N, Je SM, Hong SH, Lee YM et al. Efficacy of VeinViewer in pediatric peripheral intravenous access: a randomized controlled trial. Europ Jour Ped. 2012;171(7):1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1713-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-171...	RCT/VeinViewer^®	111 children (1 month to 16 years)
	Hess²³23 Hess HÁ. A biomedical device to improve pediatric vascular access success. Pediatr Nurs. 2010;36(5):259-263. PMid:21067078.	Prospective non-randomized study/VeinViewer^®	241 children (11 days to 17 years)
	Chapman et al.²⁴24 Chapman LL, Sullivan B, Pacheco AL, Draleau CP, Becker BM. VeinViewer-assisted intravenous catheter placement in a pediatric emergency children. Ped Neo. 2012;2013(54):194-7.	RCT/VeinViewer^®	336 children (0 to 17 years)
	Szmuk et al.²⁵25 Szmuk P, Steiner J, Pop RB, Farrow-Gillespie A, Mascha EJ, Sessler DI. The veinviewer vascular imaging system worsens first-attempt cannulation rate for experienced nurses in infants and children with anticipated difficult intravenous access. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(5):1087-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828a739e. PMid:23492965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...	RCT/VeinViewer^®	299 children (0 to 17 years)
	Sun et al.²⁶26 Sun CY, Lee KC, Lin IH, Wu CL, Huang HP, Lin YY et al. Near-infrared light device can improve intravenous cannulation in critically ill system in a pre-operation setting in pediatric patients. Res Notes. 2015;8(463):2-6.	RCT/VeinViewer^®	60 children (3 months to 17 years)
	Perry et al.²⁷27 Perry AM, Caviness AC, Hsu DC. Efficacy of a near-infrared light device in pediatric intravenous cannulation: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(1):5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182037caf. PMid:21178814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3182...	RCT/VeinViewer^®	123 children (0 to 20 years)
	Peterson et al.²⁸28 Peterson KA, Phillips AL, Truemper E, Agrawal S. Does the use of an assistive device by nurses impact peripheral intravenous catheter insertion success in children? J Pediatr Nurs. 2012;27(2):134-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10.009. PMid:22341192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2010.10...	Prospective non-randomized study/WeeSight^® and VeinViewer^®	546 children (0 to 3 years)
	Van der Woude et al.²⁹29 Van der Woude Olga CP, Cuper NJ, Getrouw C, Kalkman CJ, Graaff JC. The effectiveness of a near-infrared vascular imaging device to support intravenous cannulation in children with dark skin color: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2013;116(6):1266-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828e5bde. PMid:23649104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182...	RCT/VascuLuminator^®	88 children (0 to 15 years)
Transillumination	Hosokaw et al.³⁰30 Hosokawa K, Kato H, Kishi C, Kato Y, Shime N. Transillumination by light-emitting diode facilitates peripheral venous cannulations in infants and small children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010;54(8):957-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02270.x. PMid:20626357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.20...	RCT/(LED)-powered	136 children (0 to 3.7 years)
	Katsogridakis et al.³¹31 Katsogridakis YL, Seshadri R, Sullivan C, Waltzman ML. Veinlite transillumination in the pediatric emergency department a therapeutic interventional trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24(2):83-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e318163db5f. PMid:18277843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181...	RCT/Veinlite^®	240 children (5 days to 15 years)
	Gümüş et al.³²32 Gümüş M, Başbakkal Z. Efficacy of veinlite PEDI in pediatric peripheral intravenous access a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. In press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000001515. PMid:29794951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000...	RCT/Veinlite^®	112 children (1 to 10 years)
	Yamazaki et al.³³33 Yamazaki S, Tomita S, Watanabe M, Kawaai H, Shimamura K. Effects of a transmitted light device for pediatric peripheral venipuncture and intravenous cannulation. Med Devices. 2011;4(1):189-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497. PMid:22915945. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S18497...	RCT/Transmitted Light Fibreoptic	100 children (2 to 5 years)