A THEORY OF PRESENTEEISM BEYOND BEING SICK AND A MEASUREMENT TOOL

Yılmaz, Salim; Söyük, Selma

doi:10.1590/S0034-759020240205

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ARTICLES • Rev. adm. empres. 64 (2) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020240205 copy

A THEORY OF PRESENTEEISM BEYOND BEING SICK AND A MEASUREMENT TOOL

Una teoría del presentismo más allá de la enfermedad y una herramienta para su medición

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The first definition of presenteeism was limited to individuals who attended work despite being unwell. Over the past 15 years, other perspectives have expanded the concept to encompass any non-work-related factors influencing behavior during working hours. This research aims to redefine presenteeism within the context of healthcare workers' behaviors and contribute to the literature by introducing a measurement scale. The study involved 431 healthcare professionals across nine public and four private/foundation hospitals. Presenteeism was associated positively with burnout and negatively with happiness at work. Younger people showed higher levels of presenteeism compared to their older counterparts, as did those who worked nine hours or more per day. Although the scale was applied to healthcare professionals, its framework holds potential for use in other areas.

Keywords:
presenteeism; healthcare workers; psychometric analyses; validity; reliability

Elements	Content
Rationale	Illness, boredom, personal problems, lack of focus, low workload, high workload, distraction, etc.
Work Procrastination	High, low, none.
Duration	Short-term, long-term
Frequency	Frequent, sometimes, rarely.
Type	Emotional, behavioral.

	Exploratory Section		Confirmatory Section
	n	%	n	%
Institution
Public	148	64.1	150	75.0
Private/Foundation	83	35.9	50	25.0
Age
30 years and below	140	60.6	103	51.5
31 years and above	91	39.4	97	48.5
Sex
Female	164	71.0	140	70.0
Male	67	29.0	60	30.0
With whom s/he lives
Alone	59	25.5	40	20.0
Spouse/partner/child	90	39.0	105	52.5
Friend	11	4.8	14	7.0
Parent	56	24.2	34	17.0
Other (Sibling, cousin)	15	6.5	7	3.5
Position
Physician (Medical Doctor)	55	23.8	44	22.0
Nurse	84	36.4	98	49.0
Health technician	19	8.2	30	15.0
Dietitian	20	8.7	5	2.5
Physiotherapist	6	2.6	0	0.0
Administrative Staff	37	16.0	14	7.0
Other (Dentist, pharmacist, psychologist)	10	4.3	9	4.5
Total Working Time in the Profession (years)
5 years and less	111	48.1	91	45.5
Over 5 years	120	51.9	109	54.5
Daily Working Time (hours)
Below 9 hours	97	42.0	94	47.0
9 hours and more	134	58.0	106	53.0
Marital Status
Single	135	58.4	96	48.0
Married	96	41.6	104	52.0
Total	231	100.0	200	100.0
	Mean±SD	Min-Max	Mean±SD	Min-Max
Age (years)	31.28±7.76	21-53	32.86±8.28	20-61
Total years in profession	8.42±7.66	0.5-33.4	10.14±8.94	0.5-42
Daily working hours	9.16±1.35	6-15	9.37±2.07	4-14

Item	$\bar{x}$ ±σ	Corrected Item-Total Correlation	Squared Multiple Correlation
I1	2.54±1.13	0.720	0.628
I2	2.36±1.12	0.677	0.585
I3	3.15±1.26	0.435	0.294
I4	3.35±1.17	0.740	0.718
I5	2.70±1.22	0.690	0.526
I6	2.84±1.15	0.443	0.297
I7	2.52±1.15	0.702	0.683
I8	2.26±0.98	0.684	0.540
I9	3.09±1.19	0.404	0.449
I10	2.28±1.08	0.401	0.290
I11	2.54±1.13	0.387	0.399

Items	Total Eigenvalue	Factor 1	Factor 2	Extractions
I1	4.958	0.791		0.673
I2	1.585	0.755		0.604
I3	0.944	0.374		0.287
I4	0.823	0.841		0.728
I5	0.589	0.747		0.614
I6	0.459	0.654		0.382
I7	0.451	0.896		0.745
I8^*	0.249	0.763		0.619
I9	0.373		0.868	0.733
I10^*	0.380		0.653	0.474
I11	0.189		0.841	0.683
Eigenvalue:Factor 1: 4.958 Factor 2: 1.585; Variance: Factor 1: 45.068; Factor 2: 14.406 Total Variance Explained: 59.475; N:231

Fit Indices	Fit Indices’ Criteria	Acceptable Cohesion Criteria	Result Values	Result Compliance
χ2/df	0 ≤ χ 2 /sd ≤ 2	2 ≤ χ 2 /sd ≤ 5	1.895	Good
RMSEA	.00 ≤ RMSEA ≤ .05	.05 ≤ RMSEA ≤ .08	0.067	Acceptable
SRMR	.00 ≤ SRMR ≤ .05	05 ≤ SRMR ≤ .08	0.050	Good
GFI	95 ≤ GFI ≤ 1.00	90 ≤ GFI ≤ 95	0.94	Acceptable
AGFI	.90 ≤ AGFI ≤ 1.00	.85 ≤ AGFI ≤ .90	0.89	Acceptable
CFI	.95 ≤ CFI ≤ 1.00	.90 ≤ CFI ≤ .95	0.97	Good

Characteristics	n	AFF	ACT	Presenteeism
Characteristics	n	$\bar{x}$ ± s	$\bar{x}$ ± s	$\bar{x}$ ± s
Institution
Public	150	2,92±0,88	2,24±0,85	2,57±0,69
Private/Foundation	50	2,71±0,96	2,29±0,87	2,50±0,74
Test p		1.448 ^t t Independent sample t test; F: ANOVA test; 1.149	-0.412 ^t t Independent sample t test; F: ANOVA test; 0.681	0.670 ^t t Independent sample t test; F: ANOVA test; 0.504
Age
30 years and below	103	2.99±0.92	2.34±0.90	2.68±0.76
31 years and above	97	2.73±0.86	2.14±0.79	2.44±0.63
Test p		2.013^t 0.045^* * p<0.05;	1.645 ^t 0.101	2.285^t 0.023^* * p<0.05;
Sex
Female	140	2.88±0.87	2.15±0.80	2.51±0.66
Male	60	2.86±0.99	2.46±0.94	2.67±0.80
Test p		-0.013 ^t 0.990	-2.369^t 0.028^* * p<0.05;	-1.425 ^t 0.156
With whom s/he lives
Alone ^a	40	2.95±1.00	2.73±0.94	2.84±0.89
Spouse/partner/child^b	105	2.78±0.91	2.08±0.84	2.43±0.68
Friend ^c	14	3.19±0.77	2.29±0.83	2.74±0.60
Parent^d	34	2.85±0.85	2.25±0.66	2.55±0.54
Other (Sibling, cousin)^e	7	3.21±0.72	2.05±0.65	2.63±0.60
Test p		1.037 ^F 0.817	4.552 ^F 0.002^ p<0.001; AFF: Affect; ACT: Action	2.743 ^F 0.030^* * p<0.05;
Position
Physician^a	44	3.24±0.88	2.58±1.04	2.91±0.77
Nurse^b	98	2.82±0.83	2.13±0.74	2.48±0.61
Health technician^c	30	2.6±0.93	2.37±0.85	2.49±0.75
Dietitian^d	5	1.95±0.94	2.00±1.25	1.98±1.08
Administrative Staff ^e	14	2.88±1.00	2.00±0.67	2.44±0.6
Other (Dentist, pharmacist, psychologist)^f	9	2.92±1.05	2.11±0.87	2.51±0.78
Test p		3.276^F 0.007^ p<0.001; AFF: Affect; ACT: Action	2.211 ^F 0.055	3.435 ^F 0.005^ p<0.001; AFF: Affect; ACT: Action
Post-hoc		a>b, c, d b, e>d		a>b, c, d, e
Total Working Time in the Profession (years)
5 years and less	91	3.01±0.95	2.38±0.89	2.69±0.77
Over 5 years	109	2.74±0.84	2.14±0.80	2.44±0.63
Test p		2.067^t 0.040^* * p<0.05;	1.991^t 0.048^* * p<0.05;	2.532^t 0.012 ^* * p<0.05;
Daily Working Time (hours)
Below 9 hours	94	2.57±0.89	2.09±0.72	2.33±0.65
9 hours and more	106	3.12±0.83	2.38±0.94	2.76±0.69
Test p		-4.566^t <0.001^ p<0.001; AFF: Affect; ACT: Action	-2.371 ^t 0.017^* * p<0.05;	-4.374^t <0.001^ p<0.001; AFF: Affect; ACT: Action
Marital Status
Single	96	2.94±0.91	2.42±0.84	2.69±0.73
Married	104	2.49±0.89	2.08±0.83	2.44±0.67
Test p		-1.170 ^t 0.243	2.860^t 0.005^ p<0.001; AFF: Affect; ACT: Action	2.470^t 0.014^* * p<0.05;

	Happiness at Work		Burnout
	r	p	r	p
AFF	-0.604 _pe	<0.001^ p<0.001	0.693 _sp	<0.001^ p<0.001
ACT	-0.192 _pe	0.003^* * p<0.01;	0.224 _sp	0.001^* * p<0.01;
Presenteeism	-0.567 _pe	<0.001^ p<0.001	0.653 _sp	<0.001^ p<0.001

	Internal Consistency (N=231)		8-month interval test-retest correlation (N=103)
	Item Count	Cronbach Alpha	r	p
AFF	8	0.886	0.634^pe	*<0.001^ * p<0.001**
ACT	3	0.713	0.635^pe	*<0.001^ * p<0.001**
Presenteeism	11	0.871	0.642^sp	*<0.001^ * p<0.001**

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