Spore communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizal associations in different ecosystems, south Australia

Antoniolli, Z. I.; Facelli, E.; O'Connor, P.; Miller, D.; Ophel-Keller, K.; Smith, S. E.

doi:10.1590/S0100-06832002000300007

Abstracts

Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were surveyed in different South Australian ecosystems. The soil was wet-sieved for spore extraction, followed by the determination of presence and abundance of AMF species as well as the percentage of root colonization. Mycorrhizal associations were common and there was substantial fungal diversity in different ecosystems. Spores were most abundant in the permanent pasture system and less abundant under continuous wheat. The incidence of mycorrhizal associations in different plant species and the occurrence of Arum and Paris type colonization generally conformed with previous information. Spores of seventeen AMF were verified throughout seasonal changes in 1996 and 1997 in the permanent pasture and on four host species (Lolium perenne, Plantago lanceolata, Sorghum sp. and Trifolium subterraneum) , set up with the same soils under greenhouse conditions. Glomus mosseae was the dominant spore type at all sampling times and in all trap cultures. Mycorrhizal diversity was significantly affected by different sampling times in trap cultures but not in field-collected soil. P. lanceolata, Sorghum sp. and T. subterraneum as hosts for trap cultures showed no differences in richness and diversity of AMF spores that developed in association with their roots. Abundance and diversity were lowest, however, in association with L. perenne , particularly in December 1996. Results show that the combination of spore identification from field-collected soil and trap cultures is essential to study population and diversity of AMF. The study provides baseline data for ongoing monitoring of mycorrhizal populations using conventional methods and material for the determination of the symbiotic effectiveness of AMF key members.

trap cultures; Glomus; Gigaspora

Comunidades de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) foram estudadas em diferentes ecossistemas, no sul da Austrália. A extração dos esporos do solo foi efetuada pelo método de peneiramento úmido, para posterior quantificação e identificação das espécies de FMAs. A percentagem de raízes colonizadas também foi determinada. Associações micorrízicas foram comuns em todos os ecossistemas estudados. Os esporos foram mais abundantes no sistema de pastagem permanente e menor no sistema de plantio contínuo com trigo. Percebeu-se a incidência de associações micorrízicas nas diferentes espécies de planta e a ocorrência de Arum e Paris-tipo de colonização. Esporos de 17 espécies de FMAs foram identificados durante as variações sazonais de 1996 e 1997 no sistema de permanente pastagem e em quatro hospedeiros (Plantago lanceolata, Sorghum sp., Trifolium subterraneum, Lolium perenne) cultivados em casa de vegetação. Glomus mosseae foi a espécie dominante em todas as épocas de coleta e nos vasos de cultivo. A diversidade micorrízica não foi significativa nas diferentes épocas de amostragem no campo, mas esta foi significativa nas culturas armadilhas. P. lanceolata, Sorghum sp. e T. subterraneum como hospedeiras das culturas armadilhas não mostraram diferença no número e diversidade de esporos de FMAs associados ao sistema radicular. Entretanto, o número e a diversidade de espécies foram mais baixas com L. perenne (principalmente em dezembro de 1996). A identificação de esporos extraídos do solo do campo e de plantas armadilhas é essencial para o estudo das populações e diversidade dos FMAs. Este trabalho proprociona dados para monitoramento das populações usando técnicas convencionais e material para determinação da efetividade simbiótica de espécies chaves da comunidade de FMAs.

plantas armadilhas; Glomus; Gigaspora

SEÇÃO III - BIOLOGIA DO SOLO

Z. I. Antoniolli^I; E. Facelli^II; P. O'Connor^II; D. Miller^II; K. Ophel-Keller^III; S. E. Smith^II

^IDepartamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (RS). CEP 97105900 E-mail: zaida@ccr.ufsm.br

^IIThe Centre for Plant Root Symbioses and Department of Soil and Water, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia. E-mail: sally.smith@adelaide.edu.au

^IIISouth Australian Research and Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia. E-mail: ophelkeller.kathy@wpo.pi.sa.gov.au

SUMMARY

Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were surveyed in different South Australian ecosystems. The soil was wet-sieved for spore extraction, followed by the determination of presence and abundance of AMF species as well as the percentage of root colonization. Mycorrhizal associations were common and there was substantial fungal diversity in different ecosystems. Spores were most abundant in the permanent pasture system and less abundant under continuous wheat. The incidence of mycorrhizal associations in different plant species and the occurrence of Arum and Paris type colonization generally conformed with previous information. Spores of seventeen AMF were verified throughout seasonal changes in 1996 and 1997 in the permanent pasture and on four host species (Lolium perenne, Plantago lanceolata, Sorghum sp. and Trifolium subterraneum) , set up with the same soils under greenhouse conditions. Glomus mosseae was the dominant spore type at all sampling times and in all trap cultures. Mycorrhizal diversity was significantly affected by different sampling times in trap cultures but not in field-collected soil. P. lanceolata, Sorghum sp. and T. subterraneum as hosts for trap cultures showed no differences in richness and diversity of AMF spores that developed in association with their roots. Abundance and diversity were lowest, however, in association with L. perenne , particularly in December 1996. Results show that the combination of spore identification from field-collected soil and trap cultures is essential to study population and diversity of AMF. The study provides baseline data for ongoing monitoring of mycorrhizal populations using conventional methods and material for the determination of the symbiotic effectiveness of AMF key members.

Index terms: trap cultures, Glomus, Gigaspora.

RESUMO

Comunidades de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) foram estudadas em diferentes ecossistemas, no sul da Austrália. A extração dos esporos do solo foi efetuada pelo método de peneiramento úmido, para posterior quantificação e identificação das espécies de FMAs. A percentagem de raízes colonizadas também foi determinada. Associações micorrízicas foram comuns em todos os ecossistemas estudados. Os esporos foram mais abundantes no sistema de pastagem permanente e menor no sistema de plantio contínuo com trigo. Percebeu-se a incidência de associações micorrízicas nas diferentes espécies de planta e a ocorrência de Arum e Paris-tipo de colonização. Esporos de 17 espécies de FMAs foram identificados durante as variações sazonais de 1996 e 1997 no sistema de permanente pastagem e em quatro hospedeiros (Plantago lanceolata, Sorghum sp., Trifolium subterraneum, Lolium perenne) cultivados em casa de vegetação. Glomus mosseae foi a espécie dominante em todas as épocas de coleta e nos vasos de cultivo. A diversidade micorrízica não foi significativa nas diferentes épocas de amostragem no campo, mas esta foi significativa nas culturas armadilhas. P. lanceolata, Sorghum sp. e T. subterraneum como hospedeiras das culturas armadilhas não mostraram diferença no número e diversidade de esporos de FMAs associados ao sistema radicular. Entretanto, o número e a diversidade de espécies foram mais baixas com L. perenne (principalmente em dezembro de 1996). A identificação de esporos extraídos do solo do campo e de plantas armadilhas é essencial para o estudo das populações e diversidade dos FMAs. Este trabalho proprociona dados para monitoramento das populações usando técnicas convencionais e material para determinação da efetividade simbiótica de espécies chaves da comunidade de FMAs.

Termos de indexação: plantas armadilhas, Glomus, Gigaspora.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and The Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil for the scholarship and study leave awarded to Z.I. Antoniolli and the Cooperative Research Centre for Soil and Land Management which provided financial support for the project.

LITERATURE CITED

Received for publication on march of 2001

Approved on april of 2002

ABBOTT, L.K. & ROBSON, A.D. Infectivity of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 33:1049-1059, 1982.
ALLEN, M.F. & BOOSALIS, M.G. Effects of two species of VA mycorrhizal fungi on drought tolerance of winter wheat. New Phytol., 93:67-76, 1983.
BAKHTIAR, Y.; MILLER, D.; CAVAGNARO, T.R. & SMITH, S.E. Interactions between two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungivorous nematodes and control of the nematode with fenamiphos. Appl. Soil Ecol., 17:107-117, 2001.
BEGON, M.; HARPER, J. & TOWNSEND, C. Ecology individuals, populations and communities. Carlton, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. 945p.
CAVAGNARO, T.R.; GAO, L-L.; SMITH, F.A. & SMITH, S.E. Morphology of arbuscular mycorrhizas is influenced by fungal identity. New Phytol., 151:469-475, 2001.
DODD, J.C.; ARIAS, I.; KOOMEN, I. & HAYMAN, D.S. The management of populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in acid-infertile soils of a savanna ecosystem. II. The effects of pre-crops on the spore populations of native and introduced VAM-fungi. Plant Soil, 122:241-247, 1990.
FITTER, A. & GARBAYE, J. Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms. In: ROBSON, A.; ABBOTT, L. & MALAJCZUK, N., eds. Management of mycorrhizas in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Netherlands, Klumer Academic Publishers, 1994. p.123-132.
GALLAUD, I. Etudes sur les mycorrhizes endotrophs. Rev. Generale Bot., 17:5-48; 66-83; 123-135; 223-239; 313-325; 425-433; 479-500, 1905.
GEMMA, J.; CARRIERO, T. & KOSKE, R. Seasonal dynamics of selected species of VA mycorrhizal fungi in a sand dune. Mycol. Res., 92:317-321, 1989.
GERDEMANN, J.W. & NICOLSON, T.H. Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 46:235-244, 1963.
GIOVANNETTI, M. & MOSSE, B. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol., 84:489-500, 1980.
GRACE, P.R.; OADES, J.M.; KEITH, H. & HANCOCK, T.W. Trends in wheat yields and soil organic carbon in the Permanent Rotation Trial at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, South Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 35:857-864, 1995.
HALL, I.R. & FISH, B.J. A key to the Endogonaceae. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, 73:261-270, 1979.
HARLEY, J.L. & HARLEY, E.L. A check-list of mycorrhiza in the British Flora. New Phytol., 105:1-102, 1987.
HENDRIX, J.; GUO, B. & NA, Z. Divergence of mycorrhizal fungal communities in crop production systems. Plant Soil, 170:131-140, 1995.
JOHNSON, N.C.; TILMAN, D. & WEDIN, D. Plant and soil controls on mycorrhizal fungal communities. Ecology, 73:2034-2042, 1992.
MORTON, J.; BENTIVENGA, S. & WHEELER, W. Germ plasm in the International Collection of Arbuscular and Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM) and procedures for culture development, documentation and storage. Mycotaxon, 48:491-528, 1993.
MORTON, J. Effects of mountants and fixatives on wall structure and Melzer's reaction in spores of two Acaulospora species (Endogonaceae). Mycologia, 78:787-794, 1986.
PHILLIPS, J.M. & HAYMAN, D.S. Improved procedures for clearing and staining parasitic and vesicular -arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 55:158-161, 1970.
READ, D.J.; KOUCHEKI, H.K. & HODDGSON, J. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in natural vegetation systems. I. The occurrence of infection. New Phytol., 77:641-653, 1976.
SANDERS, I.R. & FITTER, A.H. Evidence for differential responses between host-fungus combinations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas from a grassland. Mycol. Res., 96:415-419, 1992.
SAS INSTITUTE. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. Cary, 1986.
SCHENCK, N.C. & PÉREZ, Y. Manual for the identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi. Gainesville, Synergistic Publications, 1990. 139p.
SIEVERDING, E. Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza management in tropical agrosystems. Eschborn, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, 1991. 375p.
SMITH, F.A & SMITH, S.E. Structural diversity in (vesicular)-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol., 137:373-388, 1997.
SMITH, F.A & SMITH, S.E. Movement across membranes: Physiol. and Biochem. In: GIANINAZZI-PEARSON, V. & GIANINAZZI, S., eds. Physiological and genetical aspects of mycorrhizae., Paris, INRA, 1986. p.75-84.
SMITH, S.E. & READ, D.J. Mycorrhizal symbiosis 2.ed. London, Academic Press, 1997. 605p.
STACE, H.; HUBBLE, G.; BREWER, R.; NORTHOCTE, K.; SLEEMAN, J.; MULCALY, M. & HALLSWORTH, E. Glenside, Handbook of Australian Soils, 1968. 125p.
STUTZ, J. & MORTON, J. Sucessive pot cultures reveal high species richness of arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi in arid ecosystems. Can. J. Bot., 74:1883-1889, 1996.
van der HEIJDEN, M.G.A.; KLIRONOMOST, J.N.; URSIC, M., MOUTOGLIS, P.; STREITWOLF-ENGEL, R.; BOLLER, T.; WIEMKEN, A. & SANDERS, I.R. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature, 396:69-72, 1998.

Spore communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizal associations in different ecosystems, south Australia

Comunidades de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e associação micorrízica em diferentes ecossistemas no sul da Austrália

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
30 Sept 2014
Date of issue
Sept 2002

History

Accepted
Apr 2002
Received
Mar 2001

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] ABBOTT, L.K. & ROBSON, A.D. Infectivity of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 33:1049-1059, 1982.

[2] ALLEN, M.F. & BOOSALIS, M.G. Effects of two species of VA mycorrhizal fungi on drought tolerance of winter wheat. New Phytol., 93:67-76, 1983.

[3] BAKHTIAR, Y.; MILLER, D.; CAVAGNARO, T.R. & SMITH, S.E. Interactions between two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungivorous nematodes and control of the nematode with fenamiphos. Appl. Soil Ecol., 17:107-117, 2001.

[4] BEGON, M.; HARPER, J. & TOWNSEND, C. Ecology individuals, populations and communities. Carlton, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. 945p.

[5] CAVAGNARO, T.R.; GAO, L-L.; SMITH, F.A. & SMITH, S.E. Morphology of arbuscular mycorrhizas is influenced by fungal identity. New Phytol., 151:469-475, 2001.

[6] DODD, J.C.; ARIAS, I.; KOOMEN, I. & HAYMAN, D.S. The management of populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in acid-infertile soils of a savanna ecosystem. II. The effects of pre-crops on the spore populations of native and introduced VAM-fungi. Plant Soil, 122:241-247, 1990.

[7] FITTER, A. & GARBAYE, J. Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms. In: ROBSON, A.; ABBOTT, L. & MALAJCZUK, N., eds. Management of mycorrhizas in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Netherlands, Klumer Academic Publishers, 1994. p.123-132.

[8] GALLAUD, I. Etudes sur les mycorrhizes endotrophs. Rev. Generale Bot., 17:5-48; 66-83; 123-135; 223-239; 313-325; 425-433; 479-500, 1905.

[9] GEMMA, J.; CARRIERO, T. & KOSKE, R. Seasonal dynamics of selected species of VA mycorrhizal fungi in a sand dune. Mycol. Res., 92:317-321, 1989.

[10] GERDEMANN, J.W. & NICOLSON, T.H. Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone species extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 46:235-244, 1963.

[11] GIOVANNETTI, M. & MOSSE, B. An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol., 84:489-500, 1980.

[12] GRACE, P.R.; OADES, J.M.; KEITH, H. & HANCOCK, T.W. Trends in wheat yields and soil organic carbon in the Permanent Rotation Trial at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, South Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 35:857-864, 1995.

[13] HALL, I.R. & FISH, B.J. A key to the Endogonaceae. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc, 73:261-270, 1979.

[14] HARLEY, J.L. & HARLEY, E.L. A check-list of mycorrhiza in the British Flora. New Phytol., 105:1-102, 1987.

[15] HENDRIX, J.; GUO, B. & NA, Z. Divergence of mycorrhizal fungal communities in crop production systems. Plant Soil, 170:131-140, 1995.

[16] JOHNSON, N.C.; TILMAN, D. & WEDIN, D. Plant and soil controls on mycorrhizal fungal communities. Ecology, 73:2034-2042, 1992.

[17] MORTON, J.; BENTIVENGA, S. & WHEELER, W. Germ plasm in the International Collection of Arbuscular and Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM) and procedures for culture development, documentation and storage. Mycotaxon, 48:491-528, 1993.

[18] MORTON, J. Effects of mountants and fixatives on wall structure and Melzer's reaction in spores of two Acaulospora species (Endogonaceae). Mycologia, 78:787-794, 1986.

[19] PHILLIPS, J.M. & HAYMAN, D.S. Improved procedures for clearing and staining parasitic and vesicular -arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of infection. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 55:158-161, 1970.

[20] READ, D.J.; KOUCHEKI, H.K. & HODDGSON, J. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in natural vegetation systems. I. The occurrence of infection. New Phytol., 77:641-653, 1976.

[21] SANDERS, I.R. & FITTER, A.H. Evidence for differential responses between host-fungus combinations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas from a grassland. Mycol. Res., 96:415-419, 1992.

[22] SAS INSTITUTE. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. Cary, 1986.

[23] SCHENCK, N.C. & PÉREZ, Y. Manual for the identification of VA mycorrhizal fungi. Gainesville, Synergistic Publications, 1990. 139p.

[24] SIEVERDING, E. Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza management in tropical agrosystems. Eschborn, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, 1991. 375p.

[25] SMITH, F.A & SMITH, S.E. Structural diversity in (vesicular)-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol., 137:373-388, 1997.

[26] SMITH, F.A & SMITH, S.E. Movement across membranes: Physiol. and Biochem. In: GIANINAZZI-PEARSON, V. & GIANINAZZI, S., eds. Physiological and genetical aspects of mycorrhizae., Paris, INRA, 1986. p.75-84.

[27] SMITH, S.E. & READ, D.J. Mycorrhizal symbiosis 2.ed. London, Academic Press, 1997. 605p.

[28] STACE, H.; HUBBLE, G.; BREWER, R.; NORTHOCTE, K.; SLEEMAN, J.; MULCALY, M. & HALLSWORTH, E. Glenside, Handbook of Australian Soils, 1968. 125p.

[29] STUTZ, J. & MORTON, J. Sucessive pot cultures reveal high species richness of arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi in arid ecosystems. Can. J. Bot., 74:1883-1889, 1996.

[30] van der HEIJDEN, M.G.A.; KLIRONOMOST, J.N.; URSIC, M., MOUTOGLIS, P.; STREITWOLF-ENGEL, R.; BOLLER, T.; WIEMKEN, A. & SANDERS, I.R. Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant biodiversity, ecosystem variability and productivity. Nature, 396:69-72, 1998.