Tecnologías educativas para la prevención del VIH en negros: revisión del alcance

Mota, Nikaelly Pinheiro; Maia, Jéssica Karen de Oliveira; Abreu, Wilson Jorge Correia Pinto; Galvão, Marli Teresinha Gimeniz

doi:10.1590/1983-1447.2023.20220093.en

Brasil

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Scoping Review • Rev. Gaúcha Enferm. 44 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2023.20220093.en linkcopiar

Tecnologías educativas para la prevención del VIH en negros: revisión del alcance

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMEN

Objetivo: Mapear las tecnologías educativas implementadas para la prevención del VIH en negros.

Método: Revisión de alcance, realizada de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de The Joanna Briggs Institute, en las bases de datos Medline/PubMed, Embase, LILACS, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane y PsycINFO, utilizando Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews y Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).

Resultados: Se publicaron 14 estudios entre 1999 y 2020. Los principales impactos en la salud de los negros involucraron una reducción en las tasas de sexo sin protección, mayor uso de condones, una disminución en los comportamientos de riesgo, una minimización del número de parejas, una mayor solicitud de pruebas de VIH y un aumento en el uso de Pre-exposición profilaxis (PrEP).

Conclusión: Las tecnologías educativas mapeadas fueron: talleres, cursos, mensajes, dramatización, videos, aplicación, folleto, campañas en medios y radio, grupos de Facebook, sitio web, programas informáticos y software multimedia.

Palabras clave: VIH; Salud de las minorías; Negros; Tecnología educacional; Educación en salud

Database	Search strategies
COCHRANE PSYCINFO	(“Minority Health” OR “African Continental Ancestry Group” OR “negroid race” OR “black person”) AND (HIV OR “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” OR “Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus”) AND (Technology OR “Educational technology”) AND (“Health promotion” OR “health education”)
CINAHL MEDLINE/PUNMED® EMBASE	(“Minority Health” OR “African Continental Ancestry Group” OR “Negroid Race” OR black person) and (“Teaching Materials” OR Technology OR “Educational Technology” OR “Information Technology”) and (“Health Promotion” OR “Health education”) and (HIV OR “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” OR “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Virus”)
SCOPUS LILACS	(“Minority Health” OR “African Continental Ancestry Group” OR “Negroid Race” OR negro) and (“Teaching Materials” OR Technology OR “Educational Technology” OR “Information Technology”) and (HIV OR “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” OR “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Virus”)

Authors and years/Countries/ Databases	Types of Study/ Levels of evidence	Objectives	Types of technology	Results/Conclusions
Category 1: Soft-hard technologies for HIV prevention in black people
Marie, S.R., Mildred, K.F., Ronald, C.J., 2008⁽¹⁵⁾ EUA CINAHL	Quasi-experimental III	Describe a HIV prevention and risk reduction program using tde online resources of the National Library of Medicine (NLM).	Course	The course promoted self-care; concerns about the health and well-being of others have increased; provided an opportunity to develop leadership and communication skills
Kalichman, S.C.; Weinhardt, L.; Benotsch, E.; Cherry, C., 2002⁽¹⁶⁾ EUA CINAHL	Qualitative VI	To describe the development and pilot test of a workshop intervention designed to eliminate the digital divide in the care of the Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).	Workshops	The test demonstrated feasibility, acceptability to end the digital divide in HIV/AIDS care. All participants had gains in knowledge related to information technology.
Wilson T.E. et al., 2019⁽¹⁷⁾ EUA Medline	Randomized clinical trial II	Test the effectiveness of Barbershop Talk With Brothers (BTWB)	Combination of educational messages, role-play activities and self-assessment activities.	Exposure to the intervention was associated with a higher probability of not having sex without a condom (64.4%) than participation in the control group. Exposure to the program reduced risk sexual behaviors.
Category 2: Hard technologies for HIV prevention in black people
Chandler, R al., 2020⁽¹⁸⁾ EUA Medline	Qualitative VI	Understand black cisgender women's preferences regarding the functionality, format, and design of an HIV prevention mobile app and examine their willingness to use an HIV prevention app.	Mobile application	The results suggest that black cisgender women preferred an app that integrated HIV prevention and optimal sexual health promotion. Participants provided a variety of preferences, such as gender-centered preferences and cultural congruence of information and content, evidenced by visual resources, language, and other resources.
Mansergh, G. et al., 2019⁽¹⁹⁾ EUA Medline	Qualitative VI	Develop and evaluate messages on the effectiveness of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for Men who have sex with Black and Hispanic/Latino Men (MSM).	Texting and social media	Overall, 72% of them had similar intentions to use condoms after hearing messages about PrEP. Information about PrEP was new (63%) and reliable (80%), with no racial/ethnic differences (p>0.05).
Blessing, M.; Abiodun.; S., 2018⁽²⁰⁾ África do Sul Embase	Qualitative VI	Investigate and account for the resistance of young black people to HIV, through messages about AIDS in a television series.	Messages about AIDS in the television drama	The messages about HIV and AIDS in the series, based on scientific rationality, were subject to substantial resistance from young people, as they were opposed to the norms and cultures of young viewers.
Cates, J.R et al., 2015⁽²¹⁾ EUA Medline	Qualitative VI	Develop and test radio messages designed to raise awareness and concern about the effect of concurrency on HIV transmission in the black community.	Radio campaign	Analysis of the interviews indicated that men (n = 17) and women (n = 24) found the messages understandable, acceptable and relevant, with more than half indicating that they felt motivated to reduce their own risky behavior and/or discuss the competition with others.
DiClemente R.J., et al., 2013⁽²²⁾ EUA Medline	Randomized clinical trial II	Develop and implement HIV risk reduction intervention for African American adolescent women.	AFIYA Digital Intervention (Computerized Program)	At the end of the three-month implementation period, AFIYA was found to be as or more innovative (72%) and equally or more engaging (54%) than existing HIV risk reduction programs.
Young, S.D et al., 2013⁽²³⁾ EUA Medline	Randomized clinical trial II	Test the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of using social networking sites (specifically Facebook) to conduct HIV testing among African American and Latino MSM.	Closed Facebook Groups	More intervention participants requested an HIV test kit than control participants.
Andrasik et al., 2012⁽²⁴⁾ EUA Scopus	Qualitative VI	Design a simultaneous messaging campaign using a participatory, community-based research (CBPR) approach to inform the black community about the increased HIV risk associated with concurrent sexual partnerships.	Pamphlet and Website	Community members welcomed the opportunity to discuss sensitive topics and learn more about concurrency and HIV/AIDS. In some cases, individuals said they felt targeted by the campaign ads, due to the fact that the images in the ads only portrayed African-American and African-born black men and women, rather than individuals of other races and ethnicities.
Jones, R.; Lacroix, L.J., 2012⁽²⁵⁾ EUA Medline	Randomized clinical trial II	Reducing the sexual risk of HIV in urban, predominantly African-American women through a series of 12 videos.	Video	Almost all 117 participants in the video-intervention group enjoyed watching the video on their cell phone (n = 113, 96.5%), considered it easy to access the video (n = 116, 99.1%), thought that using the cell phone for the project was easy (n = 113, 96.5%), said the video was sharp (n = 106, 90.6%) and the screen big enough to see the actors clearly (n = 114, 97, 4%).
Hightow-Weidman, L.B., 2012⁽²⁶⁾ EUA Medline	Randomized clinical trial II	Assess the feasibility and acceptability of delivering a new internet intervention designed for young black men who have sex with men	Site	Condom use increased significantly (p = 0.05) among participants. There was a decrease in the number of male sexual partners in the last three months, over time, for all participants, with a mean of 3.49 at baseline and 2.23 at the three-month follow-up (p = 0.03).
Klein, C.H., Card, J.J., 2011⁽²⁷⁾ EUA Medline	Randomized clinical trial II	To assess the preliminary effectiveness of Multimedia Sisters Informing Healing Living Empowering (SiHLE) in increasing sexual protection against HIV in African-American women.	SiHLE (Multimedia software program)	Knowledge about HIV/STD among intervention participants increased from M=5.08 at baseline to M=6.81 at three-month follow-up. Control group participants also demonstrated a significant increase in HIV/STI knowledge from M=5.29 at baseline to M=5.86 at three-month follow-up.
Kalichman, A.C., Cherry, C.; Browne-Sperling, F., 1999⁽²⁸⁾ EUA Embase	Quasi-experimental III	Test a cognitive behavioral HIV risk reduction intervention for heterosexually active African American men.	Educational video	Results showed lower rates of unprotected vaginal intercourse and higher rates of condom use at the three-month follow-up.

Variables	Characterization of educational technologies
Target audience	Adults16^,17^,18^,19^,21^,23^,24^,28, Youngsters15^,20^,22^,23^,24^,25^,26^,27
Themes	Basic computer instructions and access to internet for HIV searches15^,16; to prevention20^,22^,23^,26^,28; to multiple sexual partners20^,21, to support, treatment and rights20, condom use17^,19^,21^,26^,27^,28, illness process28; risky sexual behavior17^,18^,22^,23^,26^,27; PrEP19; safe sex22; mental health26; to simultaneous partnerships21^,24; to HIV prevention; and optimal sexual health promotion25.
Venues	HIV treatment resource center16; University15; Television, penitentiaries and schools20; health clinics18^,22^,28, community service18^,25^,26^,28; barbershop17; online advertisements/social networks19^,23^,26; HIV clinics26; radio stations21; interventions provided by computer27, store18; local community24.
Theoretical foundation	Information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model of health behavior change16^,28; Social Cognitive Theory17^,25^,27; Community and individual empowerment Theory and Health Promotion Theory17; Theory of gender and power27; Integrated Model of Theory of Behavior26; Theory of rational action21; Theory of power18.

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[TFN1] Source: Elaborated by the authors, 2022.