ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PAYMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES

Coelho, Nayra Rosa; Gomes, Andréa da Silva; Jodas, Natália

doi:10.18623/rvd.v21.2734-ing

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Original article • Veredas do Direito 21 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v21.2734-ing copy

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PAYMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES¹ 1 This article is the result of research funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB), as a doctoral scholarship, and was supported by Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC).

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) has emerged as a strategic policy approach that promises to increase efforts to conserve and/or restore ecosystems and its associated services. In recent decades, scientific literature has provided guidelines, based on the lessons learned from experiences, especially international ones, which can be used improve the design of the instrument. This study aims to identify the essential elements pointed out in the selected literature that can be considered for the legal regulation of PES, as well as assessing whether Bahia’s state and municipal legal norms comply with these scientific guidelines. To achieve this, a narrative review of the literature on PES was conducted, with content analysis selected from references that indicate operational guidelines, criteria and approaches to the effectiveness and planning of successful PES schemes. Subsequently, the adequacy of the legislation investigated was checked for compliance with the mentioned literature. It was found that the laws (federal, state, and municipal) meet more than 60% of the essential elements indicated by the selected doctrine.

Keywords:
benchmarking; economic instrument; environmental legislation; payment for environmental services

Essential elements	References
The concept of PES	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; and Yan et al.* (2022**YAN, H. et al. Payments for ecosystem services as an essential approach to improving ecosystem services: A review. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 201, e107591, 2022. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107591 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.... ).
Voluntariness	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); and Yan et al.* (2022**YAN, H. et al. Payments for ecosystem services as an essential approach to improving ecosystem services: A review. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 201, e107591, 2022. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107591 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.... ).
Additionality;	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Kaczan et al. (2017KACZAN, D. et al. Increasing the impact of collective incentives in payments for ecosystem services. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, [S. l.], v. 86, p. 48-67, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.0... ); and James and Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Conditionality	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); and James and Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Segmentation and eligibility	Adhikari and Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Campanhão and Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); and James and Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Social equity	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Adhikari and Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); Campanhão and Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); and James and Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Property rights	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kolinjivadi and Sunderland (2012KOLINJIVADI, V. K.; SUNDERLAND, T. A review of two payment schemes for watershed services from China and Vietnam: the interface of government control and PES theory. Ecology and Society , [S. l.], v. 17, n. 4, 2012. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410... ); Adhikari and Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; and James and Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Involved actors	Kemkes, Farley and Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); *Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Wegner (2016WEGNER, G. I. Payments for ecosystem services (PES): a flexible, participatory, and integrated approach for improved conservation and equity outcomes. Environment, Development and Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 18, n. 3, p. 617-644, 2016. ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Kaczan et al. (2017KACZAN, D. et al. Increasing the impact of collective incentives in payments for ecosystem services. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, [S. l.], v. 86, p. 48-67, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.0... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; and James and Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Objectives	Adhikari and Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Wegner (2016WEGNER, G. I. Payments for ecosystem services (PES): a flexible, participatory, and integrated approach for improved conservation and equity outcomes. Environment, Development and Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 18, n. 3, p. 617-644, 2016. ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); Campanhão and Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); and James and Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Considered Environmetal Services	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kemkes, Farley and Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; and Campanhão and Ranieri (2019*CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ).
Management practices	Kemkes, Farley and Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); *Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; and James and Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Type of incentive	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kemkes, Farley and Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); Kolinjivadi and Sunderland (2012KOLINJIVADI, V. K.; SUNDERLAND, T. A review of two payment schemes for watershed services from China and Vietnam: the interface of government control and PES theory. Ecology and Society , [S. l.], v. 17, n. 4, 2012. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410... ); Adhikari and Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; Kaczan et al. (2017KACZAN, D. et al. Increasing the impact of collective incentives in payments for ecosystem services. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, [S. l.], v. 86, p. 48-67, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.06.0... ); and Wunder et al. (2018*WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ).
Source of payment	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kemkes, Farley and Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); Kolinjivadi and Sunderland (2012KOLINJIVADI, V. K.; SUNDERLAND, T. A review of two payment schemes for watershed services from China and Vietnam: the interface of government control and PES theory. Ecology and Society , [S. l.], v. 17, n. 4, 2012. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410... ); Adhikari and Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); James and Sills (2019JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ); and Ola et al. (2019*OLA, O. et al. Determinants of the environmental conservation and poverty alleviation objectives of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 35, p. 52-66, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.10.011 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.10... ).
Cost of PES	Ferraro (2008FERRARO, P. J. Asymmetric information and contract design for payments for environmental services. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 65, n. 4, p. 810-821, 2008. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.029 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.... ); Kemkes, Farley and Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); *Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); Campanhão and Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); and James and Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Monitoring	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); Campanhão and Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); and James and Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Spatial scale	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kemkes, Farley and Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; and Wunder et al. (2018*WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ).
Temporal scale	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Banerjee et al. (2013BANERJEE, S. et al. How to sell ecosystem services: a guide for designing new markets. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, [S. l.], v. 11, n. 6, p. 297-304, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/23470481... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Grima et al. (2016GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); Campanhão and Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); and Ola et al. (2019*OLA, O. et al. Determinants of the environmental conservation and poverty alleviation objectives of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 35, p. 52-66, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.10.011 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.10... ).
Externalities	*Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Börner et al. (2017BÖRNER, J. et al. The effectiveness of payments for environmental services. World Development, [S. l.], v. 96, p. 359-374, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.020 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Campanhão and Ranieri (2019CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ); and James and Sills (2019*JAMES, N.; SILLS, E. O. O. Payments for ecosystem services: program design and participation. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Oxford, 28 ago. 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.580 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199... ).
Adaptive improvement	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); and *Sattler et al. (2013*SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ).
Transparency	*Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)*HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... .
Governance	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Muradian et al. (2013MURADIAN, R. et al. Payments for ecosystem services and the fatal attraction of win‐win solutions. Conservation Letters, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 4, p. 274-279, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00309.x . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Engel (2016ENGEL, S. The devil in the detail: a practical guide on designing payments for environmental services. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, Altamonte Springs, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 131-177, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/101.00000076... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); and Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)*HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... .
Policy synergy	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); *Muradian et al. (2013MURADIAN, R. et al. Payments for ecosystem services and the fatal attraction of win‐win solutions. Conservation Letters, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 4, p. 274-279, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00309.x . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012... ); Wegner (2016WEGNER, G. I. Payments for ecosystem services (PES): a flexible, participatory, and integrated approach for improved conservation and equity outcomes. Environment, Development and Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 18, n. 3, p. 617-644, 2016. ); Grima et al. (2016*GRIMA, N. et al. Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: Analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 17, p. 24-32, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11... ).
Institutional structure	Farley and Costanza (2010FARLEY, J.; COSTANZA, R. Payments for ecosystem services: from local to global. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2060-2068, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.06.010 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.... ); Kemkes, Farley and Koliba (2010KEMKES, R. J.; FARLEY, J.; KOLIBA, C. J. Determining when payments are an effective policy approach to ecosystem service provision. Ecological Economics , [S. l.], v. 69, n. 11, p. 2.069-2.074, 2010. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.032 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.... ); Kolinjivadi and Sunderland (2012KOLINJIVADI, V. K.; SUNDERLAND, T. A review of two payment schemes for watershed services from China and Vietnam: the interface of government control and PES theory. Ecology and Society , [S. l.], v. 17, n. 4, 2012. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05057-170410... ); Adhikari and Boag (2013ADHIKARI, B.; BOAG, G. Designing payments for ecosystem services schemes: some considerations. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, [S. l.], v. 5, n. 1, p. 72-77, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11.001 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.11... ); *Muradian et al. (2013MURADIAN, R. et al. Payments for ecosystem services and the fatal attraction of win‐win solutions. Conservation Letters, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 4, p. 274-279, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00309.x . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012... ); Sattler et al. (2013SATTLER, C. et al. Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: How do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 6, p. 31-45, 2013. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09.007 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.09... ); Hejnowicz et al. (2014HEJNOWICZ, A. P. et al. Evaluating the outcomes of payments for ecosystem services programmes using a capital asset framework. Ecosystem Services , [S. l.], v. 9, p. 83-97, 2014. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05.001 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.05... ); Bremer et al. (2016BREMER, L. L. et al. One size does not fit all: natural infrastructure investments within the Latin American Water Funds Partnership. Ecosystem Services, [S. l.], v. 17, p. 217-236, 2016. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212041615300681 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar... ); Chan et al. (2017CHAN, K. M. et al. Payments for ecosystem services: Rife with problems and potential - for transformation towards sustainability. Ecological Economics, [S. l.], v. 140, p. 110-122, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.029 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.... ); Huber-Stearns et al. (2017)HUBER-STEARNS, H. R. et al. Social-ecological enabling conditions for payments for ecosystem services. Ecology and Society, v. 22, n. 1, 2017. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112 . Acesso em: 16 jun. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270112... ; Wunder et al. (2018WUNDER, S. et al. From principles to practice in paying for nature’s services. Nature Sustainability , London, n. 1, p. 145-150, 2018. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-x . Acesso em: 14 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0036-... ); and Campanhão and Ranieri (2019*CAMPANHÃO, L. M. B.; RANIERI, V. E. L. Guideline framework for effective targeting of payments for watershed services. Forest policy and economics, Amsterdã, v. 104, p. 93-109, 2019. Disponível em: Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.002 . Acesso em: 15 jun. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04... ).

Essential elements	Federal law	State law	Municipal laws (19)
Essential elements	Law No. 14,119/2021	Law No. 13,223/2015	8 (42%)	6 (31%)	2 (11%)	1 (5%)	2 (11%)
The concept of PES	Art. 2, IV	Art. 2, XIX	Art. 2, V	Art. 2º, VII
Voluntariness	Art. 2, IV	Art. 1, Paragraph 1; Art. 2, XVII; Art. 6, V		Art. 2º, VIII
Additionality;	Art. 9, sole paragraph	Art. 2, I, XVII; Art. 20, V; Art. 36	Art. 5, III		Art. 4, V
Conditionality	Art. 2, IV; Art. 3, Paragraph 2; Art. 6, III Paragraphs 5 e 6; Section IV; Art. 22	Art. 2, XII; Art. 5, I; Art. 9, II; Art. 13, Sole paragraph; Art. 15; Art. 20, VI	Art. 2, V; Art. 8, III			Art. 163, I
Segmentation and eligibility	Art. 5, III; Art. 6, Pagragraph 2; Art. 8; Art. 9; Art. 10	Art. 5, IV, V; art. 6; art. 15, Paragraph 1	Art. 5, V; Art. 8		Art. 4, VII; Art. 8	Art. 163, IV
Social equity	Art. 5, III, XII; Art. 8, IV; Art. 15, Paragraph 4	Art. 4, III, IX; Art. 5, IV; Art. 6, VII; Art. 15, Paragraph 1	Art. 3, VI, Art. 5, V		Art. 2, VI; Art. 5, Paragraph 1
Property rights	Art. 6, II; Art. 12, Sole paragraph; Art. 22	Art. 6, I; Art. 20, IV	Art. 8, II		Art. 5, Paragraph 1, I; Art. 8, II
Involved actors	Art. 2, V, VI; Art. 5, VII; Art. 15, Paragraph 1	Art. 1, Paragraph 1; Art. 2, III, X, XI, XV; Art. 6	Art. 2, II, III, IV	Art. 2, IV, V, VI, IX
Objectives	Art. 4	Art. 4	Art. 3		Art. 2	Art. 162
Considered Environmental Services	Art. 1, III, Art. 7; Art. 8	Art. 2, XVIII, Art. 8, art. 15, Paragraph 2	Art. 2, I / Art. 2, III		Art. 5
Management practices	Art. 7	Art. 8	Art. 8, I				Art. 3
Type of incentive	Art. 3; Art. 17	Art. 2, XII; Art. 9, II; Art. 11; Art. 14, IV	Art. 6, III, IV, V	Art. 6, IV, V, VI	Art. 6, III, IV, V	Art. 164, I, II, III	Art. 2
Source of payment	Art. 4, XIII; Art. 6, Paragraph 7; art. 21	Art. 28; Art. 31	Art. 11	Art. 12		Art. 166	Art. 7
Cost of PES		Art. 28, Paragraph 3
Monitoring	Art. 4, IX, XI; Art. 5, X; Art. 11; Art. 12, III; Art. 14, sole paragraph; Art. 15, II	Art. 5, VI; Art. 6, IV; Art. 9, IV; Art. 13; Art. 14	Art. 8, Sole paragraph		Art. 2, XI	Art. 164, V
Spatial scale	Art. 4, I; Art. 5, IX; Art. 6, Paragraph 3; Art. 8; Art. 9	Art. 8	Art. 5, I, II, III		Art. 4, II, III, V	Art. 163, IV	Art. 4
Temporal scale						Art. 2, Sole paragraph
Externalities		Art. 14
Adaptive improvement	Art. 5, X; Art. 6, Paragraph 8; Art. 15, II, III	Art. 5, VI; Art. 23, V	Art. 5, VI		Art. 4, VIII	Art. 163, V
Transparency	Art. 4, X; Art. 5, VIII; Art. 11; Art. 13; Art. 16	Art. 5, IV; Art. 6, III, VI; Art. 9, VI; Art. 29; Art. 32; Art. 33	Art. 6, VIII	Art. 6, IX	Art. 1, X; Art. 6, VIII	Art. 162, VI; Art. 164, IV; Art. 167
Governance	Art. 5, VI; Art. 15	Art. 2, VI; Art. 6, II; Art. 22; Art. 23	Art. 12	Art. 14	Art. 5, Paragraph 1, II, Art. 13	Art. 168	Art. 5
Policy synergy	Art. 4, Paragraph 1; Art. 5, IV, V; Art. 9; Art. 10; art. 16, Paragraph 2	Art. 1, Paragraph 2; art. 20, Paragraph 2	Art. 5, IV	Art. 5, III	Art. 4, VI
Institutional structure	Art. 4, Paragraph 2; Art. 15, Paragraph 1; Art. 20	Art. 4, XIII; Art. 21; Art. 23, III	Art. 5, VII	Art. 5, VII, Art. 13	Art. 4, IX	Art. 162, I; Art. 168	Art. 6
Recommendations
Previous conditions (ex-ante)		Art. 14
Specific context	Art. 6, Paragraph 1; Art. 6, IV; Art. 15, Paragraph 3	Art. 15, Paragraph 2
Motivation	Art. 4, Paragraph 1; Art. 11	Art. 4, VIII; Art. 8, XII; Art. 35	Art. 6, VI	Art. 6, VII	Art. 6, VI	Art. 164, III
Scale of adherence to literature recommendations
Fully adequate		Partially adequate			Does not mention

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[1] The authors declare no conflict of interest

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ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PAYMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES1 1 This article is the result of research funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB), as a doctoral scholarship, and was supported by Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC).

Abstract

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF PAYMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES¹ 1 This article is the result of research funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB), as a doctoral scholarship, and was supported by Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC).